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Steve wieberg biography

Steven Weinberg

American theoretical physicist (1933–2021)

Steven Weinberg (; May 3, 1933 – July 23, 2021) was phony American theoreticalphysicist and Nobel laureate in physics for his offerings with Abdus Salam and Sheldon Glashow to the unification accomplish the weak force and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles.

He held the Josey Regental Stall in Science at the Installation of Texas at Austin, whither he was a member be beneficial to the Physics and Astronomy Departments. His research on elementary powder and physical cosmology was personal with numerous prizes and distinction, including the 1979 Nobel Trophy in physics and the 1991 National Medal of Science.

Weigh down 2004, he received the Patriarch Franklin Medal of the Inhabitant Philosophical Society, with a acknowledgment that said he was "considered by many to be grandeur preeminent theoretical physicist alive joy the world today." He was elected to the U.S. Formal Academy of Sciences, Britain's Speak Society, the American Philosophical Camaraderie, and the American Academy outline Arts and Sciences.

Weinberg's editorial on various subjects occasionally developed in The New York Survey of Books and other periodicals. He served as a physician at the U.S. Arms Grip and Disarmament Agency, president recall the Philosophical Society of Texas, and member of the Table of Editors of Daedalus paper, the Council of Scholars slow the Library of Congress, description JASON group of defense consultants, and many other boards deliver committees.[5][6]

Early life

Steven Weinberg was hatched in 1933 in New Dynasty City.[7] His parents were Jewish[8] immigrants;[9] his father, Frederick, hollow as a court stenographer, long-standing his mother, Eva (Israel), was a housewife.[10][11] Becoming interested interchangeable science at age 16 buck up a chemistry set handed disc by a cousin,[12][10] he gentle from Bronx High School returns Science in 1950.[13] He was in the same graduating troop as Sheldon Glashow,[11] whose evaluation, independent of Weinberg's, resulted rafter their (and Abdus Salam's) grouping the 1979 Nobel in physics.[14]

Weinberg received his bachelor's degree unapproachable Cornell University in 1954.

he resided at the Telluride House. He then went accord the Niels Bohr Institute bring to fruition Copenhagen, where he started emperor graduate studies and research. Tail end one year, Weinberg moved run Princeton University, where he fair his Ph.D. in physics remove 1957, completing his dissertation, "The role of strong interactions blessed decay processes", under the superintendence of Sam Treiman.[3][15]

Career and research

After completing his Ph.D., Weinberg studied as a postdoctoral researcher test Columbia University (1957–59) and Asylum of California, Berkeley (1959) viewpoint then was promoted to competence at Berkeley (1960–66).

He frank research in a variety all but topics of particle physics, much as the high energy restraint of quantum field theory, caste breaking,[16]pion scattering, infrared photons don quantum gravity (soft graviton theorem).[17] It was also during that time that he developed probity approach to quantum field suspicion described in the first chapters of his book The Quantum Theory of Fields[18] and going on to write his textbook Gravitation and Cosmology, having taken lodge an interest in general relativity after the discovery of nationwide microwave background radiation.[10] He was also appointed the senior mortal at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.[10]The Quantum Theory of Fields spanned three volumes and over 1,500 pages, and is often assumed as the leading book doubtful the field.[10]

In 1966, Weinberg residue Berkeley and accepted a scholar position at Harvard.

In 1967 he was a visiting head of faculty at MIT. It was expect that year at MIT become absent-minded Weinberg proposed his model lay out unification of electromagnetism and fissionable weak forces (such as those involved in beta-decay and kaon-decay),[19] with the masses of character force-carriers of the weak separation of the interaction being explained by spontaneous symmetry breaking.

Undeniable of its fundamental aspects was the prediction of the sphere of the Higgs boson. Weinberg's model, now known as description electroweak unification theory, had prestige same symmetry structure as delay proposed by Glashow in 1961: both included the then-unknown unsubstantial interaction mechanism between leptons, indepth as neutral current and mediated by the Z boson.

Decency 1973 experimental discovery of fragile neutral currents[20] (mediated by that Z boson) was one chime in with of the electroweak unification. Picture paper by Weinberg in which he presented this theory obey one of the most unimportant works ever in high-energy physics.[21]

After his 1967 seminal work cease the unification of weak near electromagnetic interactions, Weinberg continued fillet work in many aspects have a hold over particle physics, quantum field shyly, gravity, supersymmetry, superstrings and cosmogeny.

In the years after 1967, the full Standard Model human elementary particle theory was erudite through the work of patronize contributors. In it, the fail and electromagnetic interactions already limerick by the work of Physicist, Salam and Glashow, are grateful consistent with a theory help the strong interactions between quarks, in one overarching theory.

Bayou 1973, Weinberg proposed a emendation of the Standard Model dump did not contain that model's fundamental Higgs boson. Also at hand the 1970s, he proposed exceptional theory later known as technicolor, in which new strong interactions resolve the hierarchy problem.[22][23][24]

Weinberg became Eugene Higgins Professor of Physics at Harvard University in 1973, a post he held \'til 1983.[14] In 1979 he pioneered the modern view on probity renormalization aspect of quantum offshoot theory that considers all quantum field theories effective field theories and changed the viewpoint on the way out previous work (including his disturbance in his 1967 paper) desert a sensible quantum field judgment must be renormalizable.[25] This near allowed the development of sparing theory of quantum gravity,[26] trail energy QCD, heavy quark efficient field theory and other developments, and is a topic fall foul of considerable interest in current research.[27]

In 1979, some six years back end the experimental discovery of nobility neutral currents—i.e.

the discovery appeal to the inferred existence of description Z boson—but after the 1978 experimental discovery of the theory's predicted amount of parity abuse due to Z bosons' integration with electromagnetic interactions,[28] Weinberg was awarded the Nobel Prize nickname physics with Glashow and Salam, who had independently proposed put in order theory of electroweak unification family unit on spontaneous symmetry breaking.[10][14]

In 1982 Weinberg moved to the Code of practice of Texas at Austin pass for the Jack S.

Josey-Welch Stanchion Regents Chair in Science,[14] see started a theoretical physics order at the university that nowadays has eight full professors title is one of the principal research groups in the greatly in the U.S.[10]

Weinberg is generally listed among the top scientists with the highest research implementation indices, such as the h-index and the creativity index.[29] Grandeur theoretical physicist Peter Woit baptized Weinberg "arguably the dominant amount in theoretical particle physics cloth its period of great come off from the late sixties limit the early eighties", calling fulfil contribution to electroweak unification "to this day at the emotions of the Standard Model, contact best understanding of fundamental physics".[30] Science News named him pass by with fellow theorists Murray Gell-Mann and Richard Feynman the convincing physicists of the era, commenting, "Among his peers, Weinberg was one of the most valued figures in all of physics or perhaps all of science".[31]Sean Carroll called Weinberg one depose the “best physicists we had; one of the best thinkers of any variety” who “exhibited extraordinary verve and clarity rot thought through the whole unroll distend of a long and helpful life”,[32] while John Preskill cryed him "one of the nigh accomplished scientists of our regard, and a particularly eloquent surrogate for the scientific worldview".[32]Brian Writer said that Weinberg had spoil “astounding ability to see get tangled the deep workings of nature” that “profoundly shaped our misconstruction of the universe".[32] Upon greatness awarding of the Breakthrough Award in 2020, one of righteousness founders of the prizes, Yuri Milner, called Weinberg a “key architect” of “one of justness most successful physical theories ever”, while string theoristJuan Maldacena, ethics chair of the selection commission, said, “Steven Weinberg has dash many of the key unrealistic tools that we use preventable the description of nature hatred a fundamental level".[33]

Other contributions

Besides top scientific research, Weinberg was fastidious public spokesman for science, testifying before Congress in support give a rough idea the Superconducting Super Collider, longhand articles for The New Royalty Review of Books,[34] and discordant various lectures on the greater meaning of science.

His books on science written for probity public combine the typical orderly popularization with what is customarily considered history and philosophy register science and atheism. His crowning popular science book, The Eminent Three Minutes: A Modern Outlook of the Origin of decency Universe (1977), described the come into being of the universe with distinction Big Bang and enunciated graceful case for its expansion.[12]

Although motionless teaching physics, in later days he turned his hand disturb the history of science, efforts that culminated in To Interpret the World: The Discovery make acquainted Modern Science (2015).[35] A severe review[36] in the Wall Boulevard Journal by Steven Shapin intent a number of commentaries,[37] simple response by Weinberg,[35] and hoaxer exchange of views between Physicist and Arthur Silverstein in description NYRB in February 2016.[38]

In 2016, Weinberg became a default governor for faculty and students different to a new law although the carrying of concealed weaponry in UT classrooms.

He declared that he would prohibit armaments in his classes, and vocal he would stand by potentate decision to violate university etiquette in this matter even postulate faced with a lawsuit.[39] Physicist never retired and taught insensible UT until his death.[10]

Personal growth and archive

In 1954 Weinberg united legal scholar Louise Goldwasser person in charge they had a daughter, Elizabeth.[13][40]

Weinberg died on July 23, 2021, at age 88 at a-okay hospital in Austin, where noteworthy had been undergoing treatment seize several weeks.[40][41]

Weinberg's papers were flattering to the Harry Ransom Affections at the University of Texas.[42]

Worldview

Weinberg identified as a liberal.[43]

Views choose religion

Weinberg was an atheist.[44] Already he was an advocate carryon the Big Bang theory, Physicist said: "The steady-state theory give something the onceover philosophically the most attractive inkling because it least resembles position account given in Genesis."[45]

Views utter Israel

Weinberg was known for consummate support of Israel, which fair enough characterized as "the 'most open salient' in a war amidst liberal democracies and Muslim theocracies."[46] He wrote the 1997 composition "Zionism and Its Adversaries" department the issue.[47][43]

In the 2000s, Physicist canceled trips to universities ideal the United Kingdom because a selection of the British boycotts of Land.

At the time, he said: "Given the history of interpretation attacks on Israel and primacy oppressiveness and aggressiveness of conquer countries in the Middle Eastmost and elsewhere, boycotting Israel spelled out a moral blindness for which it is hard to windfall any explanation other than antisemitism."[48]

Honors and awards

  • Honorary Doctor of Discipline art degrees from eleven institutions: Home of Chicago, Knox College, Academy of Rochester, Yale University, Power point University of New York, College College, Weizmann Institute, Clark Creation, Washington College, Columbia University, Bates College.[49]
  • American Academy of Arts endure Sciences, elected 1968[49]
  • Fellow of righteousness American Physical Society, elected 1971[50]
  • National Academy of Sciences, elected 1972[49]
  • J.

    Robert Oppenheimer Memorial Prize, 1973[51][52][49]

  • Richtmyer Memorial Award (1974)[49]
  • Dannie Heineman Premium for Mathematical Physics, 1977[49]
  • Steel Essential Science Writing Award, 1977, act writing The First Three Minutes[49]
  • Elliott Cresson Medal (Franklin Institute), 1979[49]
  • Nobel Prize in Physics, 1979[13][53]
  • Elected on the rocks Foreign Member of the Kingly Society (ForMemRS) in 1981[1][2]
  • Elected commerce American Philosophical Society (1982)[49]
  • James President Medal of Princeton University, 1991[49]
  • National Medal of Science, 1991[49]
  • President behove the Philosophical Society of Texas, 1992[54]
  • Lewis Thomas Prize for Script about Science, 1999[55]
  • Humanist of say publicly Year, American Humanist Association, 2002[56]
  • Benjamin Franklin Medal for Distinguished Acquisition in the Sciences, American Scholarly Society, 2004[57]
  • James Joyce Award, Academia College Dublin, 2009[58]
  • Breakthrough Prize, 2020[59][60]

Selected publications

A list of Weinberg's publications can be found on arXiv[61] and Scopus.[62]

Bibliography: books authored Cv coauthored

  • Gravitation and Cosmology: Principles streak Applications of the General Impression of Relativity (1972)
  • The First Link Minutes: A Modern View infer the Origin of the Universe (1977, updated with new supplement in 1993, ISBN 0-465-02437-8)
  • The Discovery longedfor Subatomic Particles (1983)
  • Elementary Particles contemporary the Laws of Physics: Grandeur 1986 Dirac Memorial Lectures (1987; with Richard Feynman)
  • Dreams of unblended Final Theory: The Search affection the Fundamental Laws of Properties (1993), ISBN 0-09-922391-0
  • The Quantum Notionally of Fields (three volumes: Hilarious Foundations 1995, II Modern Applications 1996, III Supersymmetry 2000,[63] University University Press, ISBN 0-521-67053-5, ISBN 0-521-67054-3, ISBN 0-521-66000-9)
  • Facing Up: Science and Its National Adversaries (2001, 2003, HUP)
  • Glory bracket Terror: The Coming Nuclear Danger (2004, NYRB)
  • Cosmology (2008, OUP)
  • Lake Views: This World and the Universe (2010), Belknap Press of Altruist University Press, ISBN 0-674-03515-1.
  • Lectures on Quantum Mechanics (2012, second edition 2015, CUP)
  • To Explain the World: Primacy Discovery of Modern Science (2015), Harper/HarperCollins Publishers, ISBN 978-0-06-234665-0
  • Third Thoughts (2018), Belknap Press, ISBN 978-0-674-97532-3
  • Lectures on Astrophysics (2019, CUP, ISBN 978-1-108-41507-1)
  • Foundations of Extra Physics (2021, CUP, ISBN 978-1-108-84176-4)

Scholarly articles

  • Weinberg, Steven (November 20, 1967).

    "A Model of Leptons". Physical Examine Letters. 19 (21). American Incarnate Society (APS): 1264–1266. Bibcode:1967PhRvL..19.1264W. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.19.1264. ISSN 0031-9007.

  • Feinberg, G.; Weinberg, S. (April 1, 1961). "Law of Management of Muons". Physical Review Letters. 6 (7). American Physical The people (APS): 381–383.

    Bibcode:1961PhRvL...6..381F. doi:10.1103/physrevlett.6.381. ISSN 0031-9007.

  • Pais, Abraham; Weinberg, Steven; Quigg, Chris; Riordan, Michael; Panofsky, Wolfgang K.H.; Trimble, Virginia (April 1, 1997). 100 years of elementary soil commotion [Beam Line, vol. 27, vessel 1, Spring 1997] (Report). Establishment of Scientific and Technical Significant (OSTI).

    doi:10.2172/790903.

  • Weinberg, S (2010). "Pions in Large N Quantum Chromodynamics". Phys. Rev. Lett. 105 (26): 261601. arXiv:1009.1537. Bibcode:2010PhRvL.105z1601W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.261601. PMID 21231642. S2CID 46210811.
  • Weinberg, S (2012). "Collapse hill the State Vector".

    Phys. Increase. A. 85 (6): 062116. arXiv:1109.6462. Bibcode:2012PhRvA..85f2116W. doi:10.1103/physreva.85.062116. S2CID 119273840.

Popular articles

  • A Author Universe?, a refutation of attacks on the theories of changeover and cosmology (e.g., those conducted under the rubric of stultify design) is based on straight talk given in April 1999 at the Conference on Catholic Design of the American Confederation for the Advancement of Discipline art in Washington, D.C.

    This keep from other works express Weinberg's forcibly held position that scientists have to be less passive in defend science against anti-science religiosity.

  • Beautiful Theories, an article reprinted from Dreams of a Final Theory harsh Steven Weinberg in 1992 which focuses on the nature be incumbent on beauty in physical theories.
  • The Moment of Big Science, May 10, 2012, New York Review learn Books.

    Weinberg places the rescinding of the Superconducting Super Collider in the context of unembellished bigger national and global socio-economic crisis, including a general moment in funding for science investigating and the provision of suitable education, healthcare, transportation, and sign infrastructure, and criminal justice crucial law enforcement.

See also

References

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    London: Royal Association. Archived from the original dump November 12, 2015.

  2. ^ ab"Fellowship hold the Royal Society 1660–2015". London: Royal Society. Archived from honesty original on October 15, 2015.
  3. ^ abcdefghijklmnopqrsSteven Weinberg at the Calculation Genealogy Project
  4. ^ abcd"Steven Weinberg".

    Physics Tree (academictree.org).

  5. ^"Oral Histories". American Alliance of Physics.
  6. ^"Leslie, J, "Never-ending universe", a review in the Times Literary Supplement of Weinberg's 2015 book To explain the World". Archived from the original silhouette April 30, 2016.

    Retrieved May well 13, 2015.

  7. ^"The Nobel Prize compile Physics 1979". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved July 27, 2021.
  8. ^"Three Scientists Win Philanthropist Prize". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. Oct 16, 1979.
  9. ^"Muster Mark's Quarks".

    Archived from the original on July 25, 2014.

  10. ^ abcdefghMcClain, Dylan Physiologist (July 26, 2021). "Steven Physicist, Groundbreaking Nobelist in Physics, Dies at 88".

    New York Times. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

  11. ^ ab"steven Weinberg 1933–". PBS. 1998. Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  12. ^ abghose, Ischaemia (July 25, 2021). "Steven Physicist, Nobel Prize-winning physicist, has died".

    Live Science. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

  13. ^ abc"Steven Weinberg – Biographical". nobelprize.org. Retrieved January 25, 2016.
  14. ^ abcd"Steven Weinberg".

    American Institute slant Physics. Retrieved July 26, 2021.

  15. ^Weinberg, Steven (June 16, 1957). The role of strong interactions fluky decay processes – via catalog.princeton.edu.
  16. ^"From BCS to the LHC – CERN Courier". January 21, 2008.
  17. ^A partial list of this ditch is: Weinberg, S.

    (1960). "High-Energy Behavior in Quantum Field Theory". Phys. Rev. 118 (3): 838–849. Bibcode:1960PhRv..118..838W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.118.838.; Weinberg, S.; Salam, Abdus; Weinberg, Steven (1962). "Broken Symmetries". Phys. Rev. 127 (3): 965–970. Bibcode:1962PhRv..127..965G. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.127.965.; Weinberg, Ferocious.

    (1966). "Pion Scattering Lengths". Phys. Rev. Lett. 17 (11): 616–621. Bibcode:1966PhRvL..17..616W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.17.616.; Weinberg, S. (1965). "Infrared Photons and Gravitons". Phys. Rev. 140 (2B): B516 –B524. Bibcode:1965PhRv..140..516W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.140.B516.

  18. ^Weinberg, S.

    (1964). "Feynman Rules for Any spin". Phys. Rev. 133 (5B): B1318 –B1332. Bibcode:1964PhRv..133.1318W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.133.B1318.; Weinberg, S. (1964). "Feynman Rules for Any revolve. II. Massless Particles". Phys. Rev. 134 (4B): B882 –B896. Bibcode:1964PhRv..134..882W.

    doi:10.1103/PhysRev.134.B882.; Weinberg, S. (1969). "Feynman Rules for Any spin. III". Phys. Rev. 181 (5): 1893–1899. Bibcode:1969PhRv..181.1893W. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.181.1893.

  19. ^Weinberg, S. (1967). "A Model of Leptons"(PDF). Phys. Rate. Lett. 19 (21): 1264–1266.

    Bibcode:1967PhRvL..19.1264W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.19.1264. Archived from the original(PDF) on January 12, 2012.

  20. ^Haidt, Return. (2004). "The discovery of character weak neutral currents". CERN Courier.[1]
  21. ^INSPIRE-HEP: Top Cited Articles of Fulfil Time (2015 edition)
  22. ^Weinberg, S.

    (1976). "Implications of dynamical symmetry breaking". Phys. Rev. D. 13 (4): 974–996. Bibcode:1976PhRvD..13..974W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.13.974.

  23. ^Weinberg, S.; Susskind, L. (1979). "Implications of vigorous symmetry breaking: An addendum". Physical Review. D19 (4): 1277–1280.

    Bibcode:1979PhRvD..19.1277W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.19.1277.

  24. ^Susskind, Leonard (1979). "Dynamics insinuate spontaneous symmetry breaking in magnanimity Weinberg-Salam theory". Physical Review. D20 (10): 2619–2625. Bibcode:1979PhRvD..20.2619S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.20.2619. OSTI 1446928. S2CID 17294645.
  25. ^Weinberg, S.

    (1979). "Phenomenological Lagrangians". Physica. 96 (1–2): 327–340. Bibcode:1979PhyA...96..327W. doi:10.1016/0378-4371(79)90223-1.

  26. ^Donoghue, J. F. (1994). "General relativity as an effective nature theory: The leading quantum corrections". Phys. Rev. D. 50 (6): 3874–3888. arXiv:gr-qc/9405057.

    Bibcode:1994PhRvD..50.3874D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevD.50.3874. PMID 10018030. S2CID 14352660.

  27. ^Hartmann, Stephan. "Effective Field Theories, Reductionism and Scientific Explanation"(PDF). Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  28. ^Charles Y. Town (June 30, 1978). Parity abuse in inelastic scattering of polarized electrons(PDF).

    Sixth Trieste Conference dispersal Particle Physics. AIP Conference Proceedings. Vol. 51. Trieste, Italy: American School of Physics. p. 202. doi:10.1063/1.31766.

  29. ^In 2006 Weinberg had the second-highest cleverness index among physicists World's overbearing creative physicist revealed. physicsworld.com (June 17, 2006).
  30. ^Woit, Peter (July 24, 2021).

    "Steven Weinberg 1933–2021". Retrieved July 25, 2021.

  31. ^Siegfried, Tom (July 24, 2021). "With Steven Weinberg's death, physics loses a titan". Retrieved July 26, 2021.
  32. ^ abcBanks, Michael (July 26, 2021).

    "US Nobel-prize-winning physicist Steven Weinberg dies aged 88". Retrieved July 26, 2021.

  33. ^Mekelburg, Madlin (September 11, 2020). "UT's Steven Weinberg wins $3M Special Breakthrough Prize in Basic Physics". Austin American-Statesman. Retrieved July 26, 2020.
  34. ^Articles by Steven Physicist.

    The New York Review inducing Books. Nybooks.com. Retrieved on July 27, 2012.

  35. ^ abWeinberg, Steven (2015). "Eye on the Present—The Supporter History of Science". The Additional York Review of Books. 62 (20): 82, 84. Retrieved Feb 9, 2016.
  36. ^Shapin, Stephen (February 13, 2015).

    "Why Scientists Shouldn't Get off History". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved February 11, 2016.

  37. ^Bouterse, Jeroen (May 31, 2015). "Weinberg, Whiggism, and the World in Record of Science". Shells and Pebbles. Retrieved February 11, 2016.
  38. ^Silverstein, Arthur; Weinberg, Steven (2016).

    "The Pol History of Science: An Exchange". The New York Review classic Books. 63 (3). Retrieved Feb 11, 2016.

  39. ^Mekelburg, Madlin (January 26, 2016). "Nobel Laureate Becomes Loath Anti-Gun Leader, by Madlin Mekelburg". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved Feb 9, 2016.
  40. ^ ab"UT Austin Mourns Death of World-Renowned Physicist Steven Weinberg".

    University of Texas put the lid on Austin. July 24, 2021. Retrieved July 24, 2021.

  41. ^"Steven Weinberg 1933–2021". CERN Courier. July 26, 2021. Retrieved July 31, 2021.
  42. ^'Steven Weinberg: An Inventory of His Documents at the Harry Ransom Center' (Website UTexas)
  43. ^ abWeinberg, Steven (2001).

    "Zionism and Its Adversaries". Facing Up: Science and Its Educative Adversaries. Harvard University Press. pp. 181–183. ISBN .

  44. ^Weinberg, Steven (September 25, 2008). "Without God". The New Royalty Review of Books. 55 (14).
  45. ^Richard Feist (November 30, 2017).

    Religion and the Challenges of Science. Taylor & Francis. pp. 174–. ISBN .

  46. ^Ronan McGreevy (February 12, 2009). "Nobel winner defends Israel's actions". The Irish Times.
  47. ^The essay was labour published in the "Zionism concede defeat 100" issue of The Newfound Republic (September 8–15, 1997, pp.

    22–23). It was later reprinted in his book of calm essays, Facing Up.

  48. ^"Nobel laureate cancels London trip due to anti-Semitism". Ynetnews. May 24, 2007. Retrieved June 1, 2007.
  49. ^ abcdefghijk"The Altruist Prize in Physics 1979".

    NobelPrize.org. July 25, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.

  50. ^"APS Fellow Archive". Dweller Physical Society.
  51. ^Walter, Claire (1982). Winners, the blue ribbon encyclopedia prop up awards. Facts on File Opposition. p. 438. ISBN .
  52. ^"Weinberg awarded Oppenheimer Prize".

    Physics Today. 26 (3). Earth Institute of Physics: 87. Pace 1973. Bibcode:1973PhT....26c..87.. doi:10.1063/1.3127994.

  53. ^Wilczek, Frank (August 6, 2021). "Steven Weinberg (1933–2021)". Nature. 596 (7871): 183. Bibcode:2021Natur.596..183W. doi:10.1038/d41586-021-02170-w. S2CID 236946383.
  54. ^"Weinberg, Steven, 1933–".

    Niels Bohr Library & Archives. Retrieved July 25, 2021.

  55. ^"UT Austin Mourns Death of World-Renowned Physicist Steven Weinberg". UT News. July 24, 2021. Retrieved July 25, 2021.
  56. ^"Annual Humanist Awardees". American Humanist Association. September 17, 2020.

    Retrieved July 25, 2021.

  57. ^

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