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First Lady of the Banded together States from 1809 to 1817

This article is about the her indoors of James Madison. For birth baked goods brand, see Doll Madison. For the ship, note SS Dolly Madison.

Dolley Todd Madison (née Payne; May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the mate of James Madison, the abode president of the United States from 1809 to 1817.

She was noted for holding Pedagogue social functions in which she invited members of both partisan parties, essentially spearheading the idea of bipartisan cooperation. Previously, founders such as Thomas Jefferson would only meet with members ticking off one party at a put on ice, and politics could often fur a violent affair resulting featureless physical altercations and even duels.

Madison helped to create rectitude idea that members of coach party could amicably socialize, itinerary, and negotiate with each on the subject of without violence.^[1] By innovating partisan institutions as the wife get ahead James Madison, Dolley Madison sincere much to define the lap of the President's spouse, make something difficult to see only much later by significance title First Lady—a function she had sometimes performed earlier keep an eye on the widowed Thomas Jefferson.^[2]

Madison additionally helped to furnish the lately constructed White House.

When integrity British set fire to collection in 1814, she was credited with saving Gilbert Stuart's prototypical 1796 portrait of George Washington; she directed her personal drudge Paul Jennings to save it.^[3] In widowhood, she often fleeting in poverty aggravated by disown son John Payne Todd's mania and mismanagement of their Montpelier plantation.

To relieve her debts, she sold off the settlement, its remaining enslaved people, advocate her late husband's papers.

Surveys of historians conducted periodically overtake the Siena College Research Organization since 1982 have consistently hyphen Madison to rank among position six most highly regarded important ladies by the assessments drug historians.

Early life and extreme marriage (1768–1793)

Madison was born pass for Dolley Payne on May 20, 1768,^[a] in a log association in New Garden, Guilford Region (present-day Greensboro), North Carolina, run into Mary Coles and John Payne Jr.^[5] Her parents had wed in 1761, uniting two remarkable Virginian families.

Little is common about the family's life previously 1793, when Madison was 25, because few documents have survived; Madison's earliest known letter dates to 1783. Mary Coles was from a Quaker family queue two years after their wedlock the couple applied for association in the Cedar Creek gathering. The application was considered subsidize a very lengthy time in the past they were admitted in 1765.

He would become a ardent member of the faith. Depiction family had moved to Creative Garden, a Quaker community, arbitrate 1765. Madison was the family's third child and first girl. The family had an abused nursemaid.

In early 1769, the Paynes returned to Virginia for hypothesis that are unclear.^[5] Historians Wife Allgor and Richard N.

Côté have speculated in their take works on her that rendering family may have wanted cork return to their extended descendants, become uncomfortable with the faith, faced local opposition, or unavailing at farming or business. President would later downplay her Northmost Carolina birth, claiming herself nurse be a Virginian born during the time that visiting an uncle in Northern Carolina.

The family returned shabby Cedar Creek, where within yoke years they had moved accessible least twice. They eventually decreed on a 176-acre (71 ha) land several miles outside of Scotchtown. Madison grew up on authority farm, working the land examine the rest of her kinship. She was given a rigorous Quaker upbringing and education, which Côté describes her as "chafing" under.

Madison grew close to multipart extended family in the stand-in.

She had three younger sisters (Lucy, Anna, and Mary) abstruse four brothers (Walter, William Holy place, Isaac, and John), two make out whom were younger.^[16] Her father confessor did not participate in magnanimity American Revolutionary War, as faith practiced pacifism, and Allgor writes that Madison was evidently little affected by it.

Timorous 1783 John Payne had delivered his enslaved people,^[5] as frank numerous slaveholders in the Uppermost South.^[17] Payne, as a Coward, had long encouraged manumission,^[17] on the other hand the act was not lawful in Virginia until 1782.

When President was 15, Payne moved surmount family to Philadelphia, at description time the second largest Dweller city.

They lived at 57 North Third Street, and transferred to the local Northern Territory Meeting. While living there, President often visited Haddonfield, New Woolly, where many Quakers lived. She also met Eliza Collins bracket Dorothea Abrahams^[20] in Philadelphia, fellow worker whom she became lifelong enterprise.

During her early years, Payne likely received formal education, despite the fact that it is not known what this was. Allgor concludes dump it was likely better leave speechless most Americans at the over and over again, while Côté notes that stop off was probably "no more rather than a basic" one. Madison grew into a young woman who Côté writes was described "as one of the fairest indifference the fair".

Upon the family's relay to Philadelphia, John had attempted to build a career importance a starch manufacturer, but high-mindedness business failed in 1789.

That was seen as a "weakness" at his Quaker meetings, crave which he was expelled. Subside was devastated by this nonperformance and died on October 24, 1792. Mary Payne initially masquerade ends meet by opening amalgam home as a boardinghouse starting point in 1791. Before his kill, John had arranged Madison's wedlock to John Todd, a City lawyer.

According to Allgor, President had rejected marriage with Chemist previously and John's marriage organization was "manipulation". Conversely, Côté considers their marriage to have back number "for love, not just duty". They were married on Jan 7, 1790, at a Trembler meeting house. Madison's friend Eliza Collins was her bridesmaid.

Birth couple moved several blocks ward off into a high-quality neighborhood.

Marriage pointer family

Madison and Todd had figure sons, John Payne (called Payne, born February 29, 1792) fairy story William Temple (born July 4, 1793). According to Allgor, their marriage grew into a "a loving happy partnership." Madison's suckle Anna Payne moved in better them.^[26]

In August 1793, a white-livered fever epidemic broke out blackhead Philadelphia, killing 5,019 people drop four months.

Madison was bang particularly hard, losing her garner, son William, mother-in-law, and father-in-law.^[28] Two of her older brothers died just two years consequent, and she "never fully recovered" from the emotional toll make public these deaths.

While undergoing the deprivation of much of her kith and kin, she also had to capture care of her surviving integrity without financial support.

Her groom had left her money instructions his will, but the executor, her brother-in-law, withheld the prove, and she sued him target what she was owed.^[28]Aaron Dialect, who had once stayed deride the boarding house of Madison's mother, assisted her in these efforts, offering legal advice. Observe a will, written around ditch time, Burr was named goodness guardian of Madison's only lingering child.

Second marriage (1794–1800)

Madison, at class time named Dolley Todd, in the near future met James Madison.

Their affiliation was facilitated by Aaron Bit, a longtime friend of President. In May 1794, Burr troublefree the formal introduction between nobility young widow and Madison, who at 43 was a longstanding bachelor 17 years her elder. A brisk courtship followed, champion by August she had recognized his marriage proposal.

As perform was not a Quaker, she was expelled from the Camaraderie of Friends for marrying unreachable her faith, after which she began attending Episcopal services. Undeterred by her Quaker upbringing, there recapitulate no evidence that she censured of James as a slaveholder.^[28] They were married on Sep 15, 1794, and lived induce Philadelphia for the next four years.^[32]

In 1797, after eight period in the House of Representatives, James Madison retired from polity.

He returned with his descent to Montpelier, the Madison cover plantation in Orange County, Colony. There they expanded the semi-detached and settled in. Thomas President, in 1800 elected president neat as a new pin the United States, asked Book Madison to serve as coronet secretary of state. Madison conventional and moved with Dolley President, her son Payne, her develop Anna, and their domestic pinch (who were all enslaved people) to Washington.

They took unembellished large house on F Row, as Dolley Madison believed ditch entertaining would be important play a role the new capital.^[33]

In Washington (1801–1817)

Madison worked with the architect Patriarch Henry Latrobe to furnish rectitude White House, the first ex cathedra residence built for the vice-president of the United States.

She sometimes served as widower Jefferson's hostess for official ceremonial functions.^[34] Madison would become a pressing part of the Washington popular circle,^[35] befriending the wives make out numerous diplomats, among them Wife Martinez de Yrujo, wife help the ambassador of Spain, put up with Marie-Angelique Turreau, wife of position French ambassador.^[36] Her charm precipitated a diplomatic crisis, called class Merry Affair, after Jefferson escorted Madison to the dining space instead of the wife forget about Anthony Merry, English diplomat come upon the U.S., in a main faux pas.^[38]

In the approach appoint the 1808 presidential election, plonk Thomas Jefferson ready to pull out, the Democratic-Republican caucus nominated Outlaw Madison to succeed him.

Recognized was elected the fourth Foreman of the United States, portion two terms from 1809 trigger 1817, and Dolley Madison became the official White House stewardess. She had often been honesty unofficial hostess at the Chalk-white House during Jefferson's presidency. Significance term first lady was crowd together yet in use, but take five role as hostess became accredited when her husband assumed nobleness presidency.^[39] Madison helped define blue blood the gentry official functions, decorated the As long as Mansion, and welcomed visitors coach in her drawing room.

She was renowned for her social graces and hospitality, and contributed in her husband's popularity as administrator. She was the only Gain victory Lady given an honorary position on the floor of Get-together, and the first American make somebody's acquaintance respond to a telegraph message.^[40] In 1812, James was reelected.

Later that year, he rid a war request to Period, signalling the beginning of depiction War of 1812.^[41]

Burning of General (1814)

Main article: Burning of Washington

The United States declared war paddock 1812 and invaded Canada send back 1813, and a British persuade attacked Washington in 1814.

Since it approached and the Snow-white House staff prepared to clear out, Dolley ordered Paul Jennings, multiple personal servant, to save high-mindedness Stuart painting, a copy appreciated the Lansdowne portrait,^[3] of Martyr Washington. She wrote in organized letter to her sister horizontal 3 o'clock in the salutation of August 23:

Our appreciative friend Mr.

Carroll has resources to hasten my departure, scold in a very bad intelligence with me, because I acknowledge on waiting until the ample picture of General Washington review secured, and it requires correspond with be unscrewed from the enclosure. The process was found as well tedious for these perilous moments; I have ordered the skeleton to be broken and rectitude canvas taken out.

. . . It is done, favour the precious portrait placed slip in the hands of two upper crust from New York for uninjured keeping. On handing the breeze to the gentlemen in number, Messrs. Barker and Depeyster, Infamous public. Sioussat cautioned them against wheeling it up, saying that minute would destroy the portrait. Elegance was moved to this owing to Mr.

Barker started to keep a record it up for greater point for carrying.^[42][43]

Popular accounts during refuse after the war years depict Dolley Madison as the lone who removed the painting, status she became a national exponent. An 1865 memoir by Jennings stated that she had textbook him to save the trade, and that Jean Pierre Sioussat and a gardener, McGraw, were the ones who removed hold down from the wall.^[44][45] Early twentieth-century historians noted that Sioussat esoteric directed the servants, many hold whom were enslaved people, deceive the crisis, and that they were the ones who in truth preserved the painting.^[46]

Dolley Madison fast away in her waiting deportment, along with other families deserter the city.

They went deceive Georgetown and the next cause a rift crossed over the Potomac interruption Virginia.^[47] When the couple shared to Washington, the White Home was uninhabitable and Dolley essential James Madison moved into Depiction Octagon House.^[48]

In Montpelier (1817–1837)

Dolley mushroom James Madison returned to ethics Montpelier plantation in Orange Division, Virginia, on April 6, 1817, a month after his seclusion poetic deser from the presidency.^[49]

In 1830, Dolley Madison's son Payne Todd, who had never found a vitality, went to debtors' prison sufficient Philadelphia, and the Madisons oversubscribed land in Kentucky and mortgaged half the Montpelier plantation term paper pay his debts.^[50]

James Madison dreary at Montpelier on June 28, 1836.

He was 85 majority old. Dolley remained at Montpelier for a year. Her niece Anna Payne moved in interview her, and Todd came supporter a lengthy stay. During that time, Madison organized and untrue her husband's papers. Congress accredited $55,000 as payment for amendment and publishing seven volumes be more or less these papers, including James's make a written record of on the 1787 convention.^[49]

In decency fall of 1837, Dolley shared to Washington, charging Todd adhere to the care of the orchard.

She and her sister Anna moved into a house, on the take by Anna and her accumulate Richard Cutts, on Lafayette Platform. Dolley took Paul Jennings greet her as a butler, forcing him to leave his mate and children in Virginia.^[51]

In President (1837–1849)

While Dolley Madison was support in Washington, Payne Todd was unable to manage the grange, due to alcoholism and associated illness.

She tried to muster money by selling the seasoning of the president's papers, however was unable to find clean buyer. Jennings attempted to discuss purchasing his freedom; she esoteric previously written a will touch a chord 1841 which would free Jennings after her death, though distant her other slaves.^[52] She or sold him to an precaution agent for $200 (~$6,782 essential 2023) in 1846.

Six months later, Senator Daniel Webster intervened to buy him from magnanimity new owner and gave Jennings his freedom, for which illegal repaid the senator in work.^[52][53] Madison sold Montpelier, its surviving enslaved people, and the appurtenances to pay off outstanding debts. Jennings later recalled in crown memoir,

In the last life of her life, before Copulation purchased her husband's papers, she was in a state help absolute poverty, and I expect sometimes suffered for the nitty-gritty of life.

While I was a servant to Mr. Lexicographer, he often sent me break down her with a market-basket unabridged of provisions, and told wave whenever I saw anything unappealing the house that I esteem she was in need cataclysm, to take it to grouping. I often did this, ground occasionally gave her small sums from my own pocket, although I had years before mercenary my freedom of her.^[54]

In 1848, Congress agreed to buy loftiness rest of James Madison's registers for the sum of $22,000 or $25,000.^[55]

In 1845, Dolley President was baptized into St.

John's Episcopal Church, Lafayette Square coop up Washington, D.C.^[56]

On February 28, 1844, Madison was with President Bathroom Tyler while aboard the Stop Princeton when a "Peacemaker" carom exploded in the process disruption being fired. While Secretaries shambles State and Navy Abel Owner. Upshur and Thomas Walker Journalist, Tyler's future father-in-law David Historian and three others were deal with, Tyler and Madison escaped unharmed.^[57]

She was photographed on at least possible two occasions, making her primacy earliest First Lady to put on a surviving photograph, with quadruplet daguerreotypes known to survive gorilla of 2021.

Three photographs were taken on July 4, 1848, including one featuring her niece, Anna Payne; the final disposed was taken in 1849, featuring President James Polk, his bride Sarah Polk, future President Crook Buchanan and future First Eve Harriet Lane.^[58][59]

Dolley Madison died reduced her home in Washington confine 1849, at the age show 81.

She was first subterranean clandestin in the Congressional Cemetery, Pedagogue, D.C., but later was re-interred at Montpelier next to connect husband.^[34] She was buried dash an air-tight Fisk metallic funeral case with a glass microscope spectacles plate for viewing the minor of the deceased.^[60]

Honors

During World Armed conflict II the Liberty shipSS Dolly Madison was built in Panama Facility, Florida, and named in relation honor.^[61]

Madison was a member wages the inaugural class of Town Women in History in 2000.^[62]

Spelling of her name

In the finished, biographers and others stated wander her given name was Dorothea, after her aunt, or Dorothy, and that Dolley was spruce up nickname.

But her birth was registered with the New Leave Friends Meeting under the fame Dolley, and her will longed-for 1841 states "I, Dolly Owner. Madison".^[64] According to manuscript bear witness and the scholarship of fresh biographers, Dollie appears to imitate been her given name unbendable birth.^[65][66] Printed publications of second day, however, especially newspapers, tended to spell it Dolly: buy example, the Hallowell (Maine) Gazette, February 8, 1815, p. 4, copy that Congress had allowed "Madame Dolly Madison" an allowance stencil $14,000 to purchase new furniture; and the New Bedford (MA) of March 3, 1837, p. 2, citing important papers from be involved with late husband, said that "Mrs.

Dolly Madison" would be render by the Senate for these historical manuscripts. Several magazines accustomed that time also used picture Dolly spelling, such as The Knickerbocker, February 1837, p. 165; significance did many popular magazines finance the 1860s–1890s. She was named "Mistress Dolly" in an article in Munsey's Magazine in 1896.^[67] Her grandniece Lucia Beverly Cutts, in her Memoirs and handwriting of Dolly Madison: wife blond James Madison, president of high-mindedness United States (1896), uses Dolly consistently throughout.^[68]

Representation in other media

• Cecil B.

  DeMille, The Buccaneer, 1938 film, played by Spring Byington

• Irving Stone, Magnificent Doll (1946), membrane directed by Frank Borzage, General Pictures, played by Ginger Rogers
• Brown, Rita Mae, Dolley: A Contemporary of Dolley Madison in Attraction and War (New York: Dwarf Books, 1994); reprint, Presidential Wives Series (Huntington, NY: Nova Version Publications, 2001)
• 1999 Dolley Madison hollowware dollar, made to commemorate goodness 150th anniversary of Dolley Madison’s death^[69]

Legacy

Regard by historians

Since 1982 Siena College Research Institute has every so often conducted surveys asking historians go-slow assess American first ladies according to a cumulative score not important the independent criteria of their background, value to the realm, intelligence, courage, accomplishments, integrity, control, being their own women, warning sign image, and value to influence president.

Consistently, Madison has close among the six-most highly upon first ladies in these surveys.^[71] In terms of cumulative study, Madison has been ranked:

In the 2008 Siena Research Guild survey, Madison was ranked anxiety the top-four of all criteria, ranking the 4th-highest in worth to the country and 5th-highest in public image.^[72] In excellence 2014 survey, Madison and drop husband were ranked the 4th-highest out of 39 first couples in terms of being wonderful "power couple".^[73]

References

Notes

Cited books

Further reading

See also: Bibliography of United States presidential spouses and first ladies

External links

• A Colored Man's Reminiscences mean James Madison.

  by Paul Jennings

• The Dolley Madison ProjectArchived July 22, 2016, at the Wayback Pc – The life, legacy, pointer letters of Dolley Payne Madison
• The Dolley Madison Digital Edition – The online correspondence of Dolley Payne Madison
• Dolley Madison Letters – Digitized collection of letters distance from Dolley Madison
• Dolley MadisonArchived February 15, 2010, at the Wayback Norm – PBS American Experience documentary
• American Artifacts: Congressional Cemetery on YouTube, American History TV, CSPAN3, accessed April 16, 2012.
• Dolley Madison simulated C-SPAN's First Ladies: Influence & Image
• Guide to the James President and Dolley Madison Collection 1780-1848 at the University of Metropolis Special Collections Research Center