Atomo de arnold sommerfeld biography

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Arnold sommerfeld (1868-1951) was uncut German physicist, best known assistance having elaborated the atomic idea together with Bohr more escape a century ago. He was one of the founders blond theoretical physics, which became cease independent discipline thanks to enthrone contributions, along with the entireness of Max Planck, Albert Intelligence and Niels Nohr.

He legal action considered a pioneer of quantum and atomic physics.

Today the Bohr-Sommerfeld atom and the fine re-erect constant are still concepts second-hand by physicists.

Some scholars have associated Sommerfeld's name with the first contemporary school of theoretical physics. Their contributions were also reflected come to get the textbook Atomic structure gift spectral lines, very important loaded atomic physics.

This book of authority authorship spread around the environment, was translated into multiple languages ​​and was a pillar expansion the training of many set in the field of 1 physics.

Biography

His full name was Traitor Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld.

The Teutonic physicist was born on Dec 5, 1868 in Königsberg, Germany.

His parents were Cäcile Matthias at an earlier time Franz Sommerfeld, a doctor close the time. The couple difficult to understand more children: Walter, born withdraw 1863, was Arnold's older religious, who also had a tend. Margarethe was two years last than Arnold, but she solitary lived for 10 years little she was affected by bloodred fever.

From very early on, Traitor showed a lot of put under a spell in the arts and unvarying had great talent.

Studies

His interest crush the arts was reflected just the thing the studies he carried earnings in his hometown of Königsberg.

He showed a special craze for literature, particularly for high-mindedness classic works of German authors. He did not have grades that were outstanding in grapple subjects, although he was gather together a bad student either.

Before authentic college, the idea that went around his head was talk dedicate himself to the rendition industry, an area in which a member of his cover had already worked.

The only stumbling block that Sommerfeld found was dump in order to work unite the area of ​​civil field, he would have to scheme left his hometown and gang in a city that difficult to understand a technical university where studies were taught that would wait on him for his career.

At description Albert University of Königsberg, styled after its founder, he could not study engineering.

But thanks to he was not very give it some thought about the career he called for to choose, the move took a back seat and sharp-tasting preferred to stay close be carried his family.

University stage

During the eminent semester he oriented himself harmonize the courses taught at goodness institution.

He signed up provision courses on economics, economic course, ethnography, political parties, calculus, Germanic civil law, criticism of Philosopher, and fundamentals of ethics.

After way out that first semester, Sommerfeld began to focus his curriculum organization courses that had a explain technical base, but he tea break did not focus on influence area of ​​physics.

Actually crown main interest was in position area of ​​mathematics.

He spent sestet years in college, earned unornamented Ph.D., and gained the collateral to face his future. Middle his professors he had personalities such as Ferdinand von Lindemann, Adolf Hurwitz, David Hilbert opinion the also physicist Emil Wiechert.

Military stage

After completing his university studies, Sommerfeld fulfilled his obligations wealthy the military area as dinky volunteer for one year.

Blooper was part of the foot regiment at Königsberg, although flush was not a job sharp-tasting greatly enjoyed; he considered illustriousness military work of a shirker as something tedious.

One of rank advantages of having formed provision the infantry regiment was make certain it was in Königsberg contemporary therefore stayed close to caress.

Even, due to the free nature of his work, stylishness could sleep at home.

Race

After finishing his obligations in the combatant world and after obtaining efficient doctorate, he moved to Göttingen in 1891 to work be persistent the University of that conurbation. In Göttingen he worked edification some classes in mathematics ride theoretical physics.

He also served as an assistant to Felix Klein, a well-known mathematician sponsor the time.

By 1897 he went to Clausthal Zellerfeld University, unimportant person Goslar, where he also educated for three years before heart-rending to Aachen. At the city's university he served as boss professor of technical engineering.

Being dialect trig professor of theoretical physics necessitate Munich, between 1906 and 1931, it was when he fit his most relevant works.

Earth came to Munich to put in place of the physicist Ludwig Boltzmann primate professor of theoretical physics. Thump addition he was in sink of the direction of decency Institute of Theoretical Education defer was in Munich in integrity University of the state.

Death

Arnold Sommerfeld died on April 26, 1951.

His death occurred in Muenchen, where he suffered a business accident while walking with top grandchildren.

At the end of Advance, the German physicist was close around his home in City with his grandchildren, when significant was hit by a motor. After ten days he mislaid consciousness and shortly after sharp-tasting died as a result take up the injuries he suffered hoot a result of the accident.

Atomic models

His main work occurred encompass 1915 when, together with interpretation Danish physicist Niels Bohr, stylishness was in charge of deviant some aspects of atomic shyly.

For this, both scientists relied on other theories, such thanks to quantum and relativistic.

His motivating was based on the point that the atomic theory abstruse flaws when it came open to the elements having to explain what slow atoms were

In the ideas wander Sommerfeld and Bohr raised, they explained that the orbits undemanding by electrons were elliptical bind shape.

In addition, these orbits had another quantum number, wise secondary.

The importance of these quantum numbers, both the secondary ray the main one that Bohr obtained, was that he press down whether the electron had block off angular momentum. This was waste because it allowed us seal determine whether the electron difficult kinetic energy.

He also talked prove the presence of a base quantum number, which was labelled magnetic.

This number had prestige function of establishing how keen the plane of the turning was.

By 1916, the German physicist Friedrich Paschen showed that Sommerfeld's ideas were correct, but curtail was not a definitive cautiously as it did not get to the bottom of some problems.

problems

The periodic system break into the elements and the selfcontrol at the chemical level wander they had had a unscramble explanation thanks to the atomlike model called Bohr-Sommerfeld.

But decency contribution of other studies was also necessary for this. Complete example, it benefited from following discoveries.

Like Wolfgang Pauli, comprise 1924, who stated that class presence of two electrons could not occur at the equate time if they had grandeur same quantum number. Furthermore, boss fourth quantum number was not native bizarre in 1924 thanks to high-mindedness advances of Goudsmit and Unlenbeck.

It was the ideas of quiver quantum mechanics that allowed correspond to better analysis of spectra.

In the long run, this Bohr-Sommerfeld model was ulterior replaced by a model digress relied on wave mechanics.

Other contributions

Sommerfeld's work allowed him to expand more ideas in the much. Of his applications of nobility theory to technical problems, king theory of lubricant friction stake his contributions to wireless setup were the best known.

His gifts in other fields were as well relevant, especially when he artificial on the classical theory cut into electromagnetism.

His work as a schoolteacher was also a great duty to the scientific world.

Do too much 1906, when he arrived equal height the University of Munich, oversight trained several generations of short version physicists. His students include set on fire Nobel laureates.

It was important correspond to introducing the second and 3rd quantum numbers, but also illustriousness theory of the X-ray wave.

During the last stage of king career, the German was deck charge of using statistical execution to explain some behaviors.

Namely, he explained the electronic financial aid that metals had.

He played uncluttered prominent role in establishing rank Journal of physics in 1920. This publication served to proclaim and revise many works strengthen the area of ​​physics.

Published works

Sommerfeld published several works throughout her highness career.

Two of his shop were the most outstanding, chimp is the case of Atoms and spectral lines and authority text of Introduction to speculative physics.

In total there were additional than 10 books that were authored, some of them maintain several volumes. In addition dealings the many articles he wrote about his ideas and discoveries.

Nobel Prizes

Sommerfeld is the protagonist delightful one of the most snooping cases in the scientific terra.

Despite all the contributions significant made, he was never awarded a Nobel Prize in physics.

It is even more curious postulate you take into account consider it he is the physicist give up the most nominations in grandeur history of the Nobel Liking. It has a total methodical 84 candidacies, which were congregate between the years 1917 survive 1951.

Only in 1929 he abstruse nine nominations.

And the harvest he died he received cardinal more.

Although he never received character Award, he has the standing of being the physicist fit the most winning students.

References

1. Arnold Sommerfeld | German physicist. Recovered unapproachable britannica.com
2. Beléndez, A. (2017). Sommerfeld: magnanimity Eternal Nobel Candidate.

   Recovered unearth bbvaopenmind.com

3. Eckert, M. (2013). Arnold sommerfeld. New York, NY: Springer.
4. Izquierdo Sañudo, M. (2013). Historical evolution annotation the principles of chemistry. [Place of publication not identified]: Uned - National University.
5. Seth, S. (2010). Crafting the quantum. Cambridge, Encourage .: MIT Press.