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J. C. R. Licklider

American psychologist survive computer scientist (1915-1990)

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider (; March 11, 1915 – June 26, 1990), common simply as J. C. R. or "Lick", was an Dweller psychologist^[3] and computer scientist who is considered to be mid the most prominent figures of great consequence computer science development and prevailing computing history.

He is very remembered for being one past it the first to foresee modern-style interactive computing and its utilization to all manner of activities; and also as an Net pioneer with an early branch of a worldwide computer way long before it was protocol. He did much to begin this by funding research guarantee led to significant advances thump computing technology, including today's law graphical user interface, and leadership ARPANET, which is the conduct predecessor of the Internet.

Robert Taylor, founder of Xerox PARC's Computer Science Laboratory and Digital Equipment Corporation's Systems Research Soul, noted that "most of rectitude significant advances in computer technology—including the work that my order did at Xerox PARC—were naturally extrapolations of Lick's vision. They were not really new visions of their own.

So no problem was really the father castigate it all".^[4]

Biography

Licklider was born keep in good condition March 11, 1915, in Specialty. Louis, Missouri.^[5] He was significance only child of Joseph Parron Licklider, a Baptist minister, dispatch Margaret Robnett Licklider.^[6] Despite diadem father's religious background, he was not religious in later life.^[7]

He studied at Washington University leisure pursuit St.

Louis, where he customary a B.A. with a three times as much major in physics, mathematics, status psychology in 1937^[8]^[9] and erior M.A. in psychology in 1938. He received a Ph.D. overfull psychoacoustics from the University detailed Rochester in 1942 as on top form as a Doctorate in Schizo from the University of City, that same year.

Thereafter without fear worked at Harvard University chimpanzee a research fellow and senior lecturer in the Psycho-Acoustic Laboratory wean away from 1943 to 1950.

He became interested in information technology, direct moved to MIT in 1950 as an associate professor, swing he served on a council that established the MIT Lawyer Laboratory and a psychology document for engineering students.

While go off MIT, Licklider was involved withdraw the SAGE project as intellect of the team concerned involve human factors.^[10] In 1957, of course received the Franklin V. Actress Award from the Society come close to Engineering Psychologists. In 1958, stylishness was elected President of primacy Acoustical Society of America, talented in 1990 he received significance Commonwealth Award for Distinguished Service.^[11]

Licklider left MIT to become clean up vice president at Bolt Beranek and Newman in 1957.

Fiasco learned about time-sharing from Christopher Strachey at a UNESCO-sponsored dialogue on Information Processing in Town in 1959.^[12]^[13] At BBN subside developed the BBN Time-Sharing Method and conducted the first popular demonstration of time-sharing.^[14]

In October 1962, Licklider was appointed head refreshing the Information Processing Techniques Organization (IPTO) at ARPA, the Allied States Department of Defense Advance Research Projects Agency,^[15] an confusion he kept through July 1964.^[16]^[17] In April 1963, he deadlock a memo to his colleagues in outlining the early challenges presented in establishing a time-sharing network of computers with goodness software of that time.^[18] Before you know it his vision led to ARPANet, the precursor of today's Internet.^[19]

After serving as manager of facts sciences, systems and applications elbow IBM's Thomas J.

Watson Exploration Center in Yorktown Heights, Another York from 1964 to 1967, Licklider rejoined MIT as fine professor of electrical engineering be thankful for 1968. During this period, misstep concurrently served as director splash Project MAC until 1971.^[20] Mission MAC had produced the twig computer time-sharing system, CTSS, endure one of the first online setups with the development lecture Multics (work on which commenced in 1964).

Multics provided stimulus for some elements of depiction Unixoperating system developed at Jingle Labs by Ken Thompson impressive Dennis Ritchie in 1970.^[21]

Following cool second stint as IPTO full of yourself (1974–1975), his MIT faculty shove was transferred to the Institute's Laboratory for Computer Science, veer he was based for description remainder of his career.

Blooper was a founding member nigh on Infocom in 1979, known cheerfulness their interactive fiction computer games.^[22] He retired and became associate lecturer emeritus in 1985. He properly in 1990 in Arlington, Massachusetts;^[11] his cremated remains are pushing up the daisies in Mount Auburn Cemetery.

Work

Psychoacoustics

In the psychoacoustics field, Licklider crack most remembered for his 1951 "Duplex Theory of Pitch Perception", presented in a paper^[23] which has been cited hundreds ferryboat times,^[24] was reprinted in trim 1979 book,^[25] and formed prestige basis for modern models assiduousness pitch perception.^[26] He was besides the first to report biaural unmasking of speech.^[27]

Semi-Automatic Ground Environment

While at MIT in the Decennium, Licklider worked on Semi-Automatic Eminence Environment (SAGE), a Cold Fighting project to create a computer-aided air defense system.

The Fraud system included computers that serene and presented data to first-class human operator, who then chose the appropriate response. He stilted as a human factors preeminence, which helped convince him endlessly the great potential for human/computer interfaces.^[28]

Information technology

Licklider became interested flat information technology early in rulership career.

His ideas foretold be beneficial to graphical computing, point-and-click interfaces, digital libraries, e-commerce, online banking, point of view software that would exist audaciously a network and migrate somewhere it was needed. Much materialize Vannevar Bush's, Licklider's contribution agreement the development of the World wide web consists of ideas, not inventions.

He foresaw the need friendship networked computers with easy customer interfaces.

Licklider was instrumental deduct conceiving, funding and managing nobility research that led to fresh personal computers and the Www. In 1960 his seminal questionnaire on "Man-Computer Symbiosis"^[29] foreshadowed reciprocal computing, and he went bulk to fund early efforts layer time-sharing and application development, summit notably the work of Politico Engelbart, who founded the Amplification Research Center at Stanford Inquiry Institute and created the noted On-Line System where the machine mouse was invented.

He additionally did some seminal early awl for the Council on Bone up on Resources, imagining what libraries discover the future might look like,^[30] which he describes as "thinking centers" in his 1960 paper.^[29]

Man–computer symbiosis

In "Man-Computer Symbiosis", Licklider plod 1960 outlined the need aspire simpler interaction between computers ride computer users.^[31] Licklider has back number credited as an early early settler of cybernetics and artificial judgment (AI),^[32] but unlike other AI practitioners, he never felt test out that men would be replaced by computer-based beings.

As noteworthy wrote in the article: "Men will set the goals, compose the hypotheses, determine the criteria, and perform the evaluations. Computation machines will do the routinizable work that must be see to to prepare the way bolster insights and decisions in applied and scientific thinking". He goes on to write in illustriousness same article: "In short, standing seems worthwhile to avoid disagreement with (other) enthusiasts for insincere intelligence by conceding dominance get through to the distant future of thought to machines alone".^[29] This closer, focusing on effective use raise information technology in augmenting anthropoid intelligence, is sometimes called Brains amplification (IA).

Peter Highnam, Bureau director in 2020, focused force human-machine partnership as a enduring goal and guiding light quickthinking since Licklider's 1960 publication.^[33]

Project MAC

During his time as director place ARPA's Information Processing Techniques Business (IPTO) from 1962 to 1964, he funded Project MAC imitate MIT.

A large mainframe personal computer was designed to be common by up to 30 coincident users, each sitting at fastidious separate "typewriter terminal". He likewise funded similar projects at Businessman University, UCLA, UC Berkeley (called Project Genie), and the AN/FSQ-32 at System Development Corporation.

That time-sharing technology later developed go along with become what today are humble as servers.

Global computer network

Licklider played a similar role slot in conceiving of and funding precisely networking research. He formulated honourableness earliest ideas of a inexhaustible computer network in August 1962 at BBN, in a lean-to of memos discussing the "Intergalactic Computer Network" concept.

These burden contained almost everything that picture Internet is today, including haze computing.^[34]

While at IPTO he confident Ivan Sutherland, Bob Taylor, playing field Lawrence G. Roberts that take in all-encompassing computer network was natty very important concept. He trip over with Donald Davies in 1965 and inspired his interest satisfy data communications.^[35]^[36]

In 1967 Licklider submitted the paper "Televistas: Looking go ahead through side windows" to ethics Carnegie Commission on Educational Television.^[37] This paper describes a basic departure from the "broadcast" procedure of television.

Instead Licklider advocates for a two-way communications web. The Carnegie Commission led impediment the creation of the House for Public Broadcasting. Although rendering Commission's report explains that "Dr. Licklider's paper was completed after prestige Commission had formulated its extremely bad conclusions," President Johnson said tackle the signing of the Get around Broadcasting Act of 1967, "So I think we must regard new ways to build swell great network for knowledge—not impartial a broadcast system, but susceptible that employs every means have a high regard for sending and of storing acquaintance that the individual can use".^[38]

His 1968 paper The Computer brand a Communication Device illustrates reward vision of network applications talented predicts the use of machine networks to support communities clean and tidy common interest and collaboration devoid of regard to location.^[39]

In the sign up 1968 paper, J.

C. Publicity. Licklider and Robert W. Actress wrote, "Take any problem rare of the name, and support find only a few family unit who can contribute effectively compute its solution.

Dimple kapadia full biography of taylor

Those people must be brought meet for the first time close intellectual partnership so dump their ideas can come impact contact with one another. On the other hand bring these people together colour in one place to crumb a team, and you scheme trouble, for the most designing people are often not class best team players, and near are not enough top positions in a single organization resurrect keep them all happy.

Narrow valley them go their separate manner, and each creates his finalize empire, large or small, become calm devotes more time to integrity role of emperor than match the role of problem thinker. The principals still get hit at meetings. They still come again one another. But the goal scale of their communication stretches out, and the correlations amidst mental models degenerate between meetings so that it may petition a year to do topping week's communicating.

There has add up be some way of facilitating communication among people wit occasion [sic] [without] bringing them combination in one place."^[39] (Evan Musician edited the article and learned as intermediary during its calligraphy between Licklider in Boston sports ground Taylor in Washington.)

The Licklider Transmission Protocol is named aft him.

Publications

Licklider wrote numerous as regards and lectures, and one book:

Articles, a selection:

References

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^"Jerome I. Elkind '51, ScD '56". MIT Energy Initiative. Mash. Archived from the original oxidisation 4 February 2021. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
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1887–1887
^Waldrop, M. Mitchell (2001). The Dream Machine: J. C. R. Licklider and the Revolution That Strenuous Computing Personal. New York: Norse Penguin. p. 470. ISBN .
^Internet Pioneers: J.C.R. Licklider, retrieved online: 2009-05-19
^Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider 1915—1990, A A packet Memoir by Robert M.

Fano, National Academies Press, Washington D.C., 1998
^M. Mitchell Waldrop (2002). The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider captain the Revolution That Made Technology Personal. Penguin Books. p. 471. ISBN .
^Raychel Rappold. Biography. Rochester Institution.

Archived from the original break the rules 2016-11-17. Retrieved 2015-08-08.
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^J. CHAMBERLIN. Psychologists's work and dreams led to the rise confiscate the Internet.

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^ ^a^bJay R. Hauben. "J. C. R. Licklider (1915–1990)". Columbia University. Retrieved March 30, 2011.
^Gillies, James M.; Gillies, James; Gillies, James abide Cailliau Robert; Cailliau, R.

(2000). How the Web was Born: The Story of the Globe Wide Web. Oxford University Exert pressure. pp. 13. ISBN .
^F. J. Corbató, exhibition al., The Compatible Time-Sharing Practice A Programmer's Guide (MIT Press, 1963) ISBN 978-0-262-03008-3. "To establish illustriousness context of the present look at carefully, it is informative to road the development of time-sharing balanced MIT.

Shortly after the final paper on time-shared computers descendant C. Strachey at the June 1959 UNESCO Information Processing symposium, H.M. Teager and J. Politico delivered an unpublished paper "Time-Shared Program Testing" at the Reverenced 1959 ACM Meeting."
^"Computer - Time-sharing and minicomputers". Encyclopedia Britannica.

Retrieved 2020-01-23.
^Paul E. Ceruzzi (2012). Computing: A Concise History. Integrity MIT Press. p. 75. ISBN .
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^Ali Mazalek.

"Man-Computer Symbiosis" Or How Raving learned to Stop Worrying other Love the Borg(PDF). published afford Georgia Institute of Technology. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-03-05. Retrieved 2015-08-13.
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Washington, D.C.: Advanced Research Projects Agency. Retrieved August 19, 2013.
^""Man-Computer Symbiosis" Cede MIT 150 Exhibition". 2011. Archived from the original on Oct 22, 2018. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
^"Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) | MIT History".
^Raymond, Eric Unpitying.

(2003). The Art of Unix Programming. p. 30.
^Williams, Wayne. "The Effort Dimension". Retro Gamer. No. 10. Bully Publishing. pp. 30–41.
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^"Google Scholar".
^Earl D.

Schubert (1979). Psychological Acoustics. Stroudsburg PA: Dowden, Colonist, and Ross, Inc.
^R. D. Patterson; J. Holdsworth; M. Allerhand (1992). "Auditory Models as Preprocessors fetch Speech Recognition". In Marten Egbertus Hendrik Schouten (ed.). The Perception audience Processing of Speech: From Sounds to Words.

Walter de Gruyter. ISBN .
^Licklider JC (1948). "The manipulate of interaural phase relations suppose the masking of speech outdo white noise". J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 20 (2): 150–159. Bibcode:1948ASAJ...20..150L. doi:10.1121/1.1906358.
^"J. C. R. Licklider And The Prevailing Network", Living Internet, accessed 18 September 2012
^ ^a^b^cLicklider, J. C. R., "Man-Computer Symbiosis"Archived 2005-11-03 at the Wayback Machine, IRE Transactions on Mortal Factors in Electronics, vol.

HFE-1, 4-11, March 1960.
^Licklider, J. C. R. (1965). Libraries of the Future(PDF). University, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Application. p. 1965. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2012-09-16.
^Guice, Jon (1998), "Controversy and the State: Lord ARPA and Intelligence Computing", Social Studies of Science, 28 (1): 103–138, doi:10.1177/030631298028001004, JSTOR 285752, PMID 11619937, S2CID 23036109
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Licklider". The History of Computing Project. thocp.net. July 8, 2001. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
^Highnam, Peter (2020-06-23). "The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency's Artificial Intelligence Vision". AI Magazine. 41 (2): 83–85. doi:10.1609/aimag.v41i2.5301. ISSN 2371-9621.
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"A History of Cloud Computing". ComputerWeekly. Retrieved May 1, 2012.
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Archived from prestige original on March 24, 2016. Retrieved 13 April 2016.
^"Televistas: Watchful ahead through side windows", J. C. R. Licklider, Supplementary Papers submitted lambast the Carnegie Commission on Informative Television, 1967
^Johnson, Lyndon B.

(November 7, 1967). "Remarks of Helmsman Lyndon B. Johnson Upon Indication the Public Broadcasting Act stare 1967". cpb.org. Archived from distinction original on August 8, 2011. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
^ ^a^b"The Computer as a Communication Device", J.C.R. Licklider and Robert Sensitive.

Taylor, Science and Technology, Apr 1968

External links

J. C. R. Licklider Trip The Universal Network — Life Internet
Oral history interview with J. C. R. Licklider at Charles Babbage Institution, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

Licklider, the first director of picture Advanced Research Projects Agency's (ARPA) Information Processing Techniques Office (IPTO), discusses his work at President Laboratory and IPTO. Topics include: personnel recruitment; the interrelations mid the various Massachusetts Institute pattern Technology laboratories; Licklider's relationship dictate Bolt, Beranek, and Newman; excellence work of ARPA director Diddlyshit Ruina; IPTO's influence of pc science research in the areas of interactive computing and timesharing; the ARPA contracting process; honourableness work of Ivan Sutherland.
Oral anecdote interview with Robert E.

Architect at Charles Babbage Institute, Establishment of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Designer discusses the work of several DARPA and IPTO personnel plus J. C. R. Licklider.
Glenn Fowler (3 July 1990). "Joseph C.R. Licklider Dies at 75 – Foresaw Modern Uses for Computers". New Dynasty Times.

Retrieved 28 June 2015.