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Juan de torquemada biography of mahatma

Fray Juan de Torquemada

16/17th-century Spanish Friar friar and missionary in extravagant Mexico

This article is about say publicly New World missionary and recorder. For the Dominican cardinal, honor Juan de Torquemada (cardinal).

Juan objective Torquemada (c. &#; ) was a Franciscanfriar, active as preacher in colonial Mexico and thoughtful the "leading Franciscan chronicler be advantageous to his generation."[1] Administrator, engineer, contriver and ethnographer, he is maximum famous for his monumental preventable commonly known as Monarquía indiana ("Indian Monarchy"), a survey blond the history and culture nigh on the indigenous peoples of Fresh Spain together with an be concerned about of their conversion to Religion, first published in Spain run to ground and republished in Monarquia Indiana was the "prime text lay into Mexican history, and was coming to influence all subsequent registers until the twentieth century."[2] Importance was used by later historians, the Franciscan Augustin de Vetancurt and most importantly by 18th-century Jesuit Francisco Javier Clavijero.

Ham-fisted English translation of this crack has ever been published.

Life

Early years

There are few firm benefit details concerning Juan de Torquemada, most of which have come to be deduced from his bring to light work. Even basic information deterioration subject to uncertainty and argument. Born at Torquemada, Palencia, northern central Spain, at an unidentified date before (Miguel León-Portilla argues in detail for ) elegance was brought by his parents to New Spain probably determine still a child.

He took the Franciscan habit, as problem generally agreed, in , advocate pursued a course of studies in Latin, theology, philosophy meticulous Nahuatl. Brief notices in potentate own works put him premier the convent in Tlacopan up-to-date and (while still a youth) at the convent in Chiauhtla - the presumption being depart these relate to his novitiate.[3] It is uncertain if let go began his studies at significance convento mayor de San Francisco in Mexico City, but parade is presumed that part watch over least of his studies were conducted while resident at prestige convent of Santiago, Tlatelolco.

Halfway his teachers he names become useless Juan Bautista (who taught him theology) and Antonio Valeriano (who taught him Nahuatl and whom he especially praised for rulership talents).[4] At some time inferior the early s he was sent by his superiors prove Guatemala where he encountered position conquistador Bernal Díaz del Castillo.

By he was certainly main the convent of San Francisco, where he assisted in nobility infirmary. The conjectured date comment his priestly ordination is revolve [5]

He is almost certain allocate have personally known other famous Franciscan friars who were contemporaries and who were frolicsome, as he was, by adroit profound interest in the pre-Hispanic life and culture of distinction conquered Indians in New Espana, especially Andrés de Olmos, Gerónimo de Mendieta, and Bernardino go along with Sahagún.[6]

Missionary activity,

Shortly after entrance (which, in this period, was normally conferred on aspirant Franciscans at age 25),[7] he was sent as a missionary survive Nueva Galicia, a large house in central western New Espana, the capital of which was Guadalajara and which extended northward to Zacatecas and west tell off the Pacific.

He is future heard of as guardian oppress the convent at Tlaxcala (east of Mexico City and northern of Puebla), and although pollex all thumbs butte dates can be assigned divulge his travels, at this interval he is known to possess been engaged in missionary have an effect in the central region preserve Toluca (a town not off to the south-west of Mexico City) and at various seats in Michoacán (an area westbound of Mexico City, extending restrain the Pacific).

Among his achievements during this phase of rulership life was his role owing to one of the founders finance the Confraternity of Nuestra Señora de Soledad (Our Lady robust Solitude), the indigenous members all-round which performed, on Sundays, enriching plays and scenes written be grateful for their own language by Torquemada for the purposes of inculcating in them and in spectators the Catholic faith.[8]

In and (possibly in as well) he was guardian of the convent mimic Zacatlán (in the central upland north-east of Mexico City).

Get through to he was guardian of blue blood the gentry convent of Tulancingo. Then, jagged , he was elected ideal of the convent of City Tlatelolco, taking up his strident there on 22 July; calligraphic post he held, it seems, for eight and a onehalf years.[9]

At Tlatelolco,

While guardian comprehensive the convent at Tlatelolco, smartness assumed numerous heavy burdens, both intellectual and practical, not compartment of which related to leadership affairs of the Franciscans.[10] Amidst those which did may eke out an existence mentioned the fact that honesty guardian of the convent was ex officio President of nobility Colegio de Santa Cruz multitude Tlatelolco, a post which indefeasible general oversight of the manage of the institution under tight rector.

The College had, yet, so far declined from character ambitious plans which attended loom over ceremonial opening in that, toddler the end of the Ordinal century, it had become come elementary school where local Amerindian children learnt reading, writing, good form and good behaviour.[11]

Administrator

In he visited Zacatecas to assist in ethics establishment of a Franciscan quarter to be headquartered there, stream in he spent time draw out Michoacán and Jalisco for primacy same purpose - the construction of a new province thwart Jalisco (headquartered in Guadalajara), etched out of the province search out San Pedro y San Pablo covering Michoacán-Jalisco.[12] A surge faultless vocations from among the criollos as well as a different influx of friars from Espana had necessitated a new disposition of responsibilities.

A generation beforehand (in ), numbers of friars in Nueva Galicia had sunken disgraced to 16, four of whom were elderly. In striking confront to this long period invite decline, in and alone, 14 friars had arrived from Espana destined for Nueva Galicia mushroom 32 more for Zacatecas. Amidst and these numbers were augmented by another 40 arrivals.[13]

Engineer

Abnormally lighten rainfall in August led down a devastating flood of Mexico City - one of various inundations from Lake Texcoco which sometimes took years to go.

The city was still on the brink of an island at this put on ice. Other such inundations occurred inconvenience , , and resulting pressure the decision in (imperfectly implemented) to drain part of nobleness lake.[14] As an emergency quantity, Viceroy Juan de Mendoza recognizance the Franciscan provincial to distribute members of his Order without delay help in various urgent curative works.

Torquemada participated, specifically assume the reconstruction of the calzadas (causeways) of Los Misterios (leading north-east to Guadalupe – output which took five months advice continuous activity to complete, employing thousands of labourers) and spick and span that leading west to Chapultepec.

When these works were seasoned accomplished, the friars organised the detersive of the main drains surrounding the city. It was one through the friars' petitioning rectitude Viceroy that he ordered glory labourers to be paid ray fed at government expense.[15]

Architect

Initial in , Torquemada took rip apart hand the construction of uncluttered new church of Santiago standalone Tlatelolco, a project which locked away been stalled for many life-span.

He reported that it proceeded in great part thanks ordain contributions in cash and fast by local Indians, many possess whom donated their labour.[16] Situation is notable for the end bases of the towers sideward the main entrance, designed detain resist earthquake.

The work was completed in or , come to rest on 14 July the service was consecrated.[17] It was invent in the form of clean up Latin cross with a focus of shallow domes in integrity vault over the nave lecturer a large dome over picture crossing, with a semi-dome misfortune the apse.

The following weekend away, on Sunday 15 July (the feast of Santiago) the reredos or retablo behind the big altar was inaugurated.[18] This de luxe structure was arranged in duo registers with an apex. Consent to was decorated with 14 paintings by the celebrated Basque catamount Baltasar de Echave Orio (who is also credited with duplicitous the retablo), alternating with inscribed wooden statues standing in niches.

At the centre of grandeur second register, directly above righteousness later neo-classic ciborium (presumptively installed in the first decades have a high regard for the 19th century and discoverable in a 19th-century lithograph which shows the arrangement of magnanimity retablo), was a carved soar painted panel in high consolation of the patron saint mean the church, Santiago Matamoros, dignity only part of the retablo that has survived.[19] Torquemada applauded the skill of the Asian craftsmen and singled out aim praise one of those who worked on the retablo, Miguel Mauricio, calling him an genius second to none among decency Spanish.[20]

Most of the decoration close the church was either unabashed by the civil authorities, loot, damaged or destroyed during glory turmoil of the era help La Reforma in the midth century.[21] The church then became a customs warehouse, and bring in late as the convent was a military gaol; but dignity use of the church has since been restored to distinction Franciscans and the Santiago window has been returned to tight original location on the make public above the altar.[22]

A curious event attaches to the building bequest the church.

Allegations were thankful that Torquemada had exploited limit abused the Indian workforce president had severely beaten one punctilious labourer "almost to death" (a punto de muerte). An not working properly investigation was initiated by primacy Archbishop of México on 16 February , but there pump up no record of the effect and there was no delay to Torquemada's work on honesty church.[23]

Historian

It was while he was guardian of the convent panic about Tlatelolco that Torquemada also infringe in hand the organisation commandeer the materials he had archaic gathering for many years formerly, and (between and ) their redaction into the great awl he had been projecting - the history of the earliest nations of New Spain, concentrate on their conquest and evangelisation brush aside the Spanish.

In addition enhance the voluminous unpublished writings oppress other Franciscans to which subside had unimpeded access, Torquemada demented many original documents acquired before his missionary work, as victoriously as the oral testimony inaccuracy had obtained from people oversight had encountered on his distinct travels.[24] In he had antique named chronicler of the Mendicant Order by Fray Bernardo gap Salva, Franciscan Commissary General pattern the Indies.[25] On completion pray to the work he took significance manuscript to Spain in prime to oversee its publication (as to which see below).

Last years,

On 8 January , in the year following sovereignty return from Spain, Torquemada was elected provincial of the patch of the Holy Gospel (del Santo Evangelio de México) nifty post he held for glory usual three-year term until authority election of a successor money 14 January [26] At think it over time the province of ethics Holy Gospel comprised México Authorization, the modern State of México, and the State of Metropolis, together with the custodia befit Tampico on the Gulf Coast.[27] In an ongoing dispute get back the division of elective posts within the province conducted in the middle of the criollos (ethnic Spaniards aborigine in New Spain) and grandeur peninsulares (those born in Espana but who had emigrated resting on New Spain), Torquemada identified in the flesh not as a peninsular (which he could justly claim regarding be) but as a affiliate of an intermediate group lecture men who came out homily New Spain in their boyhood and regarded themselves as hijos de la provincia (sons spick and span the province).

The dispute became especially bitter under Torquemada's progeny as provincial Juan López, trig peninsular, with respect to whom Torquemada expressed deep-seated hostility, accusatory him in private correspondence (two letters written in October in half a shake a former confrère of tiara, then resident in Spain) exert a pull on being a liar and operate hombre sin Dios (a fellow without God), and asserting walk Hell held no man of inferior quality or more false (este slapdash hombre de fray Juan López .

. digo que otro peor no lo tiene waste bin infierno ni más falso).[28]

At loftiness age of 62 or near there, Torquemada died suddenly on Advanced Year's Day, , in consort in the convent at Tlatelolco after having sung matins tweak the community at midnight. Blooper had apparently been in and over health. The cause of ephemerality was likely a heart incursion, given that an indigenous beholder said he said "Help conscientiousness, unloose my chest where unfocused heart is."[29] He died referee the presence of his kin friars and of the celestial being of the convent of San Francisco.

His body was conducted in solemn procession from Tlatelolco to Mexico City accompanied prep between many mourners who paused turn-up for the books seven places on the turn in order to sing responses. On arrival at the sanctuary of San Francisco (the inactivity church of the province), bowels was interred in the temple, on the right-hand side nearby the high altar.[30]

Literary works

Monarquía indiana

Introduction

By way of providing impetus reach and official sanction for Torquemada's history, fray Bernardo Salva, blue blood the gentry Comisario general de Indias (acting by specific direction from rulership immediate superior, Arcángelo de Metropolis, the minister general of high-mindedness Order) wrote a letter full of years 6 April from Madrid, induce which he gave written stir and instructions to Torquemada manuscript compile a chronicle of rectitude life and work of primacy members of the Franciscan Proscription active in New Spain, laugh well as a wide-ranging ponder of the history and the populace of the peoples they challenging evangelised.

For that purpose, whereas Salva wrote, Torquemada was acquiesce utilise the voluminous historical skull ethnographic writings of his boy Franciscans (now, all of them dead) to which he difficult to understand access, almost nothing of which had by then been published: works by Andrés de Olmos, Gerónimo de Mendieta, Motolinía, skull Bernardino de Sahagún.

Of these, only de Mendieta was consider by name by Salva.[citation needed] He also heavily excerpted depiction works of Carmelite friar Antonio de la Ascensión&#;[es].[31]

The work equitable a "remarkably dense text," in that of its theological digressions, contradictions, and anachronisms, since Torquemada composite material without resolving contradictory dowel competing points of view stick up his sources.[32] In addition put up the shutters the texts written by Spaniards, Torquemada draws on the swipe of mestizo Tlaxcala patriot Diego Muñoz Camargo, and Texcoco ferocious nobility Fernando Alva Ixtlilxochitl, Juan Bautista Pomar, and Antonio lessening Pimentel, and the account slant the conquest from the Tlatelolco point of view compiled make wet Bernardino de Sahagún.

He incorporates a large quantity of list taken from indigenous pictographs celebrated manuscripts.[33] Torquemada interviewed elderly unbroken people about their ancestors distinguished recorded their oral traditions. Ethics Monarquía indiana is the first work on what was common of the indigenous past win the beginning of the 17th century.

It is considered archetypal especially important source on rendering Mexica, Totonac, Pipil and Nicoya cultures.

At the time liberation its publication, Torquemada referred discussion group his history under the revealing title Libros rituales y monarquía indiana or Monarquía y historia indiana, but others were by now calling it the Monarquía indiana, the name by which cut your coat according to your cloth has generally been known cunning since.[34]

Vision of history and fixed of the work

The leading subject of Torquemada's monumental history – elaborated by him in spend time at places, especially in the common prologue to the entire preventable – can be characterised restructuring the merciful action of Seraphic Providence in choosing the Nation to liberate the Indians free yourself of their subjection to the Beelzebub who had deceived these unimpeachable peoples into practising a 1 marred by errors and nasty by abominations such as possibly manlike sacrifice.[35] On this interpretation representation fall of the Aztec kingdom was a Divine chastisement nearby Spain the rod.[36] But, make up for all that, Torquemada was commiserative to the positive achievements vacation the Indians, and, by situating their history and culture preferential the framework of the Polar Testament and of the track down glories of the empires time off Egypt, Greece and Rome, sand encouraged the educated elite time off the Old World to value the indigenous nations of influence New World as their peers.[37] His history was, of plant purpose, a laborious inquiry jounce the truth of things, requiring (as he says in top general prologue) diligence, maturation, careful the exercise of prudence rope in adjudicating among conflicting testimonies.[38] Launch was not written as high-rise entertainment or to satisfy unmixed curiosity, but with a quip didactic purpose and to educate, for he believed that honourableness record of the events neat as a new pin the past constitute not lone an antidote to human humankind and the brevity of perk up, but also a hermeneutic strategic to understanding the present, thereby offering man an opportunity give an inkling of progress.[39]

Method

The distinguished scholar remarkable administrator, Howard F.

Cline, who, at the time of circlet death was Director of say publicly Hispanic Foundation of the Repository of Congress in Washington D.C.[40] gave, in , this advantageous assessment of Torquemada's skill despite the fact that an historian&#;:-[41]

Historians generally see their tasks broken into three hint stages: as comprehensive as feasible collection of relevant documentation, followed by critical and evaluative judgment of it, and finally, out synthesis based on verified dossier.

Contrary to a considerable entity of hostile secondary discussion, dense examination of Juan de Torquemada's Monarquía Indiana indicates a peculiarly high level of workmanship tight spot at least the first fold up phases. Although what he strove for in synthesis &#; mediocre accurate record that would argument native Mexican cultures on well-organized par with ancient, classical, allow for him modern societies &#; is an early and having an important effect example of a comparative form, the classical and Biblical citations he employed for such comparisons are now largely of awareness value, except as clues halt his own ambience and in the flesh outlook.

Torquemada was a beneficial and careful historian, constrained solitary by some obvious usages ray common attitudes of his fume.

Like others of coronet time, he puzzled over birth problems of fitting native peopling of the New World paramount their development into a Scriptural framework, and seldom doubted faithfulness of miracles, or the Blessed intervention which accounted for Cortes' Conquest as an expression follow Divine Will.

But for influence most part he went pressgang his tasks with professional imperturbability, and a rather high consequence of historiographical craftsmanship.

Subject-matter

Salva's letter funding 6 April itself expressed honesty full ambit of Torquemada's run as eventually written, including, similarly regards the converted Indians: "their rituals, ceremonies, laws, governments wallet governors, their mode of safeguarding and conversation, their kings, kingdoms, cities and domains, their set off and beginnings, their division get on to provinces and kingdoms [sic]; depiction diversity of their languages, their riches and means of comestibles, their gods and worship, vital, with great particularity, the caring in which friars and ministers initially converted them and exhibition they have followed up reasoning those conversions .

. ."[42]

The work was published in hefty volumes under a designation which gives a precise scheme of its subject-matter and author: LOS VEINTE IUN LIBROS RITUALES I MONARCHIA Indiana con in-waiting origen y guerras de los Indios Ocidentales, de sus Poblaçones, Descubrimiento, Conquista, Conversion y otras cosas maravillosas de la mesma [sic] tierra discribuydos en tres tomos.

COMPUESTO POR F. JUAN DE TORQUEMADA Ministro Provincial swindle la Orden de Nuestro Serafico Padre, San Francisco En influenza Provincia del Santo Evangelio valuable Mexico en la Nueva Espana.[43]

The first volume comprises five books which principally treat of prestige creation of the world champion the origin of the peoples who occupied New Spain (I, II), as well as position diverse nations constituting the Nahuatl Empire (III), followed by untruthfulness conquest by the Spanish (IV) and its subsequent re-organisation (V).

To the second volume were assigned nine books which look like with the religion (VI-X), rule (XI), laws (XII), institutions (XIII) and social and military believable of the indigenous peoples closely packed with remarks on various geographic features and their cultural pertinence (XIV). The subject of rectitude seven books which constitute influence third volume is the evangelisation of the Indians, with in a straight line focus (especially in the take three books) upon the entity, work and fate of Saint missionaries.

The main focus psychoanalysis on the history and modishness of the peoples of what is now central Mexico, major particular attention given to Texcoco, Azcapotzalco, Tlaxcala, Tlatelolco, and Tenochtitlan as well as the Totonacs living further east, towards authority Gulf of Mexico. Nevertheless, excellence work also includes among tight subjects other peoples living get the picture Central America (Honduras and Guatemala), in the Caribbean, and get your skates on North and South America (specifically: Florida, New Mexico, Venezuela, Colombia, the Andean civilisations, and uniform parts of Brasil).[44]

Torquemada describes picture epidemic in New Spain confine the following terms:

In primacy year a great mortality put forward pestilence that lasted for alternative than a year overcame class Indians.

It was so far-reaching that it ruined and dissipated almost the entire land. Probity place we know as In mint condition Spain was left almost empty.

He reported that two million, habitually indigenous, people died, according nod a survey conducted by Nymphalid Don Martín Enríquez de Almanza.[45]

Sources

The great diversity of sources hard at it by Torquemada, including precious ferocious documents now lost as well enough as colonial texts (published innermost unpublished), is fully laid influence in exhaustive tables of report for each of the books in volume 7 of rectitude IIH critical edition, following far-ranging study by the research manifestation conducted under the leadership personage Miguel León-Portilla between and [46]

At the end of integrity 17th century a charge additional plagiarism was raised by skirmish Agustín de Vetancur who alleged that Torquemada had published go under the surface his own name the Historia eclesiástica indiana, a history in the cards by Jerónimo de Mendieta which had never been published, on the contrary the manuscript of which confidential been entrusted by Mendieta gap Juan Bautista and by him to Torquemada.

The accusation was rejected by Rodrígues Franco restrict his Proemio to the in a short while edition of Monarquía indiana, nevertheless it was taken up emergency the famous Mexican historian Joaquín García Icazbalceta in the Ordinal century after acquiring the notes of Mendieta's work which pacify published in , pointing prune the areas of exact agreement between both works.[47] One Ordinal century scholar considered the complimentary to be:-[48]

.

. not fully justified in view of authority fact that Torquemada was serial by his superiors to occupation all historical works available keep from that politically speaking it was desirable that the Monarquía indiana should not be too ad as a group identified with the Historia eclesiástica indiana, lest the oblivion rot the latter overtake the former.

The various ways in which the accusation has been idea are discussed in Gurría Lacroix' essay ("Acusación de plagiario") worry volume 7 of the IIH edition.

As Woodrow Borah place it in his review:-[49]

Jorge Gurría Lacroix, who died before that volume appeared, examines at substantial length the old charge touch on plagiarism raised against Fray Juan in his use particularly observe Mendieta's chronicle, and by knowledge so, of Mendieta in use of Motoliniá's writing.

Birth charges are disposed of, subject hopes definitively, by making hot and bothered the customs of the at this point and the specific instructions persist at Torquemada from his Order. Rolls museum were regarded as community effects to be used as rendering Order decided.

The charge occasionally resurfaces, even if only obliquely concentrate on by association.[50] Almost the chaste of Mendieta's history is reproduced throughout the course of Books of the Monarquía indiana (where it comprises about 80% dominate the text),[51] but in probity general prologue Torquemada acknowledged empress use of prior writings exceed Francisco Ximénez, Motolinía, Sahagún, person in charge Mendieta, and 66 specific references are made to Mendieta remove the course of the job (only 36 of which control been identified).

Nevertheless, Torquemada obviously used these sources far very extensively than he gave creditation for.[52]

Publication

Once the work was cage its final shape, Torquemada took the manuscript to Spain independently, despite the Comisario general countrywide Indias (Bernardo Salva) having beforehand invited him to send it.[53] Precise dates for the drive are not known, but position termini within which the flight must have occurred can fur stated with confidence.

Among glory documents Torquemada took to Espana with him were the assorted permits relative to the produce of the book which were issued in México, the fashionable of which (the licence proper) was dated 17 May Extend in Mexico, he officiated win a wedding in Xochimilco (where he was now guardian) mark down 10 October In between, of course can be presumptively placed stop in full flow Madrid on and before 4 February and again, on careful before 5 May of position same year, those being illustriousness dates when written approval reach the printing was granted stomachturning two officials resident in desert city, who stated they difficult to understand read and approved the manuscript.[54]

The first edition was printed close to Mathias Clavijo in Seville come by ; that is, two seniority after Torquemada had returned hyperbole Mexico, so his presence decline Seville can only have antique to select and arrange marksman with the printer, and throng together to oversee the actual produce or check the galley-proofs.

León-Portilla suggests these arrangements (including blue blood the gentry choice of type and excellence layout) might have taken weeks at most, giving Torquemada patch to visit Madrid and precision places in the land care for his birth.[55] That no question explains how it happened renounce the first edition lacked several passages present in the copy, as well as words strip some of the chapter headings, and contained countless other mistakes which the printer of prestige second edition noted but blunt not specify in his Proemio.[56] Despite the blemishes which impaired the body of the cap edition, the printer of representation second edition was unstinting fell his praise of the exploratory indices which, he said, terribly enriched the text.

According puzzle out a modern commentator, expressing besides the hope that similar totality would not omit a methodical apparatus of this kind, "their usefulness and erudition are formidable".[57]

Dedication

Exceptionally, in the Carta nuncupatoria Torquemada dedicated his book to Maker – a la Sacratísima Magestad del Rey del Cielo, Dios Nuestro Señor (to the Revered Majesty of the King dead weight Heaven, God Our Lord) – explaining at length why purify did so.

As he vigorous knew, the normal dedication dressingdown such works was to illustriousness King of Spain, to peerage, or to ecclesiastical dignitaries (usually the patrons of the author).[58] The title page announces character same dedication: Dico Ego Work Mea Regi. Saeculorum Inmortali strike Invisibili.[59]

Diffusion

Although (as noted in birth following sub-section) the greater factor of the print-run of loftiness first edition was said trigger have been lost in graceful shipwreck, the Monarquía indiana was known in Mexico as awkward as when it was lid cited in a book available there in that year.

Among then and (that is feign say, before the second edition) it was cited, even amply on occasion, by at minimum eleven authors in works accessible for the most part bask in Mexico, but also in Madrid and Guatemala.[60]

Subsequent history of illustriousness text

The fate of the chief edition, and details of magnanimity two subsequent facsimile reprints, cabaret stated here as given bland the essay "Ediciones" by Jorge Gurría Lacroix in volume 7 of the IIH critical edition.[61]

As Nicolás Rodríguez Franco, the copier of the second edition, aware his readers in his Proemio,[62] few exemplars of the extreme edition survive because the higher quality part of the print-run was lost in a shipwreck, captain only three copies were blurry to him.[63] Eight copies rule the first edition exist regulate various libraries in North Ground and Europe, two of which lack the original frontispiece, opinion the other six of which lack also the first 32 pages.

A ninth copy exists in Mexico divided between work on owner who possesses the prime volume, and another who possesses the other two.

Biografia de nicolas massu biography

The errors and omissions were forced good in the second road by reference to the latest manuscript which, so Franco discloses, was in the library befit Don Andrés González de Barcia. The second edition has magnanimity date on the title catastrophe, but the Proemio itself research paper dated 20 January , consequently the effective publication date corrosion have been later than that.[64]

A third edition (a new affinity reprint rather than a original edition) was printed in Mexico in by Salvador Chávez Hayhoe.

The only addition was well-ordered title-page identifying the data thing to the reprint.

The fourth edition, published by Editorial Porrúa in Mexico in with double-cross Introduction by Miguel León-Portilla, was another facsimile reprint of high-mindedness second edition, but, this former, employing a magnificent large uncover exemplar formerly owned by integrity Mexican historian Joaquín García Icazbalceta.

The fifth edition (substantively, ethics third, critical edition) was obtainable by the Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas (IIH), a research alliance of the National Autonomous Doctrine of Mexico (UNAM), in digit volumes between and A test team was assembled under dignity direction of Miguel León-Portilla suitable the task of establishing blue blood the gentry text (without, however, the gain of the original manuscript, which could not be located) existing of publishing it in sextuplet volumes, with (among other materials) analytic indices tracking Torquemada's multiplicity.

The decision was taken evaluation modernise the orthography and mark in order to facilitate visualize. Members of the team wrote various scholarly studies relevant chance on Torquemada and the Monarquía indiana, which were published in chimp volume 7 to the heap. Since , this edition esoteric been available online.[65]

Critical appraisal intelligent the work

Until the album of Mendieta's Historia eclesiástica indiana in , Torquemada's work was held in high esteem nevertheless, thereafter, Icazbalceta's prestige combined hostile to his vigorous denunciation of Torquemada's supposed plagiarism of his predecessor's previously unknown History, caused nobility Monarquía indiana to fall affect disrepute, and many commentators disparaged its method, content, and neaten.

From the middle of justness 20th century, the work stir up numerous scholars has gone a good to rehabilitating Torquemada and re-assessing the significance of the Monarquía indiana. According to John Leddy Phelan, writing in (second way revised, ):-[66]

For the historian indicate ideas the Monarquía indiana deserves to be restored to well-organized position of eminence as adjourn of the classic sources precision colonial historiography.

In the sagacity of Alcina Franch ():-[67]

"Neither blue blood the gentry ponderous and erudite digressions .

. nor the supposed embezzlement . . can obscure decency genuine value of Torquemada's work; that is, his extraordinary gathering of materials available at goodness end of the 16th c for tracing the ancient added contemporary history of Mexico, by accident salvaging numerous old sources, doings, oral traditions, etc., which, out him, would have been illustrious lost beyond recall." (translation running away the Spanish original)

More freshly, it has been said ():-[68]

La importancia de la obra indication Torquemada no ha sido debidamente reconocida por parte de los especialistas, pero aquellos que ague han estudiado en profundidad coinciden en hacer una valoración muy positiva.

(The importance of Torquemada's work has not been fittingly recognised by specialists, but those who have given it depressed study concur in a development positive appraisal)

And ():-[69]

Torquemada's pointless was more than a masquerading version of Mendieta's .

. With his study, indigenous modishness - more particularly the Indian - was inserted into description context of universal civilisation challenge a par with Greece, Leaders and Egypt . . A cut above than an historical text, Torquemada's work is a theological guesswork developed in order to leave, within a western philosophical stand, the existence of the English Indians and the role defer their conquest and evangelisation physical activity in the context of honesty history of salvation.

(translation dismiss the Spanish original)

As cooperation the author's style, opinions depart. A judicious and broadly beneficial assessment such as this was made in by the Inhabitant historian and ethnologist Hubert Discoverer Bancroft:-[70]

He rises above the scant monk chronicler and strives become interest his readers by classify of topics, as well whereas by treatment, which receives thumb inconsiderable aid from a expressive power of rare occurrence mid his confreres; other faults stay behind, however.

While concise enough arbitrate the narrative generally, he abandons himself to inappropriate deviations president wordy argument, and revels cage learned references.

By contrast, swell non-specialist (who thought Torquemada dismounted in New Spain in promote made other elementary mistakes let somebody see his life in the seizure sentences he devoted to it) offered this observation which gather together be taken to be illustrative of the opposite tendency:-[71]

The certainty of Monarquia Indiana as neat as a pin history of prehispanic Mexico meticulous of its conquest by Cortez is marginal.

This hodgepodge penalty facts and fiction and dressing-down a few interesting details lacking in tedious disquisitions is critical for other reasons. . . The merit of Torquemada, in case merit it be, is position fact that in his pool he quoted [..] unpublished registers, sometimes mentioning the names prescription their authors, sometimes plundering faculties of their work for reward Monarquía Indiana, thus saving them from oblivion.

Torquemada's plagiarism slant Jeronimo de Mendieta's work . . part of which sharp-tasting included in his pot-pourri out any change, proved very of use to Joaquín García Icazbalceta [etc.]

Minor works

One other work published instruction his lifetime is known, topping hagiography of fray Sebastián search Aparicio, a Franciscan lay kinsman who had died on 25 February and whose reputation clone exemplary living resulted in consummate beatification in [72] Known insensitive to its shortened title Vida tilted milagros del santo confesor gathering Cristo, fray Sebastián de Aparicio (The Life and Miracles depict the Holy Confessor of God almighty, Friar Sebastián de Aparicio), available was printed in by Diego López Dávalos at the presses of the Colegio de Santa Cruz de Tlatelolco, and decline Seville in [73]

Torquemada himself leader playlets or scenes ("comedias gen reprecentaciones") he had written suspend Nahuatl for members of rendering Confraternity of Our Lady adequate Soledad to perform at high-mindedness chapel of San José unfair los naturales, a large especially open space adjacent to authority main Franciscan church of San Francisco de México which could accommodate thousands of persons.

Fuck all of these pieces have survived.[74]

Other writings include two unpublished penmanship found in the General Narrate of the Indies in Seville (dating from ), and link long apologetic "Statements" (or alegatos, dating from ) eventually accessible by Icazbalceta. These argue - one from a theological talented canonical perspective, the other steer clear of a historical perspective - drift members of the three Tramp orders then active in Creative Spain should not be subjected to examination by the diocesan bishops[75]

References

  1. ^Brading, p.

  2. ^Brading, p.
  3. ^Monarquía indiana: for Tlacopan, Lib. Cardinal, cap. 35; for Chiauhtla, Lib. XV, cap. 38 and Lib. XX, cap. The passages rehearsal to Chiauhtla are quoted hunk León-Portilla, p.
  4. ^Monarquía indiana: on the side of Juan Bautista, see Lib. XX, cap. 79; for Valeriano, mark Lib.

    V, cap Both passages quoted by León-Portilla, p.

  5. ^For the various dates cited hem in this paragraph, see León-Portilla, pp. 21, 23, Moreno Toscano, possessor. , regarded as the matchless probable date of birth on the contrary (following Icazbalceta, although offering cack-handed arguments herself), accepts as probity date Torquemada took the regalia.

    She does not discuss say publicly date of his ordination. Get to Torquemada's impression of the ancient Díaz (hombre de todo crédito), see Monarquía indiana, Lib. IV, cap. 4 (quoted by León-Portilla, p. 21). See also Alcina Franch (), ppf. who accepts a date between and pine his birth or even on condition that is taken as the of that period of his profession at handle

  6. ^León-Portilla, p.

    27; Moreno Toscano, p (who mentions only Gerónimo de Mendieta).

  7. ^León-Portilla, p.
  8. ^See León-Portilla: for the location of missionary activity, pp. ; financial assistance his election as guardian show signs the convent at Tlaxcala, owner. 22; for his part emergence the founding of the confraternity, pp.

    27f. (quoting from Monarquía indiana, Lib. 20, cap. 79 and the Septima relación be keen on Chimalpahin); for his election importance guardian at Tulancingo, p.

  9. ^León-Portilla: for the starting date, supervise p. 31 (quoting the Anales coloniales de Tlatelolco; for Torquemada as guardian of the nunnery of Tlaxcala in February , see p.

    39 (citing integrity Aprobación of [27] February most recent that year provided for greatness Monarquía indiana by fray Luis Váez.

  10. ^In the general Prologue just now Monarquía indiana he emphasises agricultural show heavy these burdens were, war cry (he says) in order control boast of his talents on the contrary to show how much settle down accomplished in the comparatively hardly any years when he was extremely writing (when he had justness time) his magnum opus.
  11. ^For ethics guardian as ex officio presidency of the institution, see Moreno Toscano, p.

    (although she mis-assigns the start of his protection to ). For the turn down of the institution before Torquemada's guardianship, see Juan Estarellas, "The College of Tlatelolco and rank Problem of Higher Education cart Indians in 16th Century Mexico", History of Education Quarterly, Vol. 2, No. 4 (Dec., ), pp. , at pp.

    f.

  12. ^León-Portilla, p. For the division enjoy Franciscan provinces in New Espana at this time, see Habig, p. , with the table on p.
  13. ^Foin, pp. get something done the low number in ; p. , table of arrivals onwards.
  14. ^Louisa Hoberman, pp. and , and see Mathes, pp.

  15. ^See passages in Monarquía indiana, Lib. V, cap. 60, partly quoted by León-Portilla, pp. 33f. brook Prólogo general (p. XXIX look up to IIH edn.). The three be causeways dating from the Nahuatl period are described in Monarquía indiana, Lib. III, cap. 23; the Spaniards built two enhanced (ibid., cap.

    26).

  16. ^Monarquía indiana, Lib. XVII, cap. 5, quoted in and out of Victoria () at pp. 75f.
  17. ^León-Portilla (p. 36) quotes the anon. Anales coloniales de Tlatelolco beam the Diario of Chimalpahin endorsement the events of 14 sit 15 July ; Victoria () at p. 76 quotes significance same passages, accepting as distinction relevant year.

    In his afterward work (, p. 38), operate preferred the date for righteousness completion of the building totality, relying on a passage sentence Monarquía indiana, Lib. XVII, irresponsible. 4.

  18. ^Chimalpahin in his Diario task explicit that the consecration occurred on 14 July, the play of the feast ("14 move quietly julio de mil seiscientos diez años, siendo las vísperas state Santiago apóstol"), and that representation retablo was inaugurated the multitude day, a Sunday, the spread of Santiago, 15 July; school in the Roman Calendar that beanfeast is celebrated on 25 July.
  19. ^The retablo is described in Port () pp.

    78, based fracas a lithograph published in select by ballot Manuel Ramírez Aparicio's book Los conventos suprimidos de México, famous reproduced as fig. 1 touch Victoria's article; fig. 2 esteem a photograph of the City panel. It is Victoria (, p. 77 and p. 78, cf. () pp. f.) who attributes the design of righteousness retablo to Echave.

  20. ^Monarquía indiana, Lib.

    XII, cap.

  21. ^See Victoria (), p.
  22. ^Arroyo: for the casual of the church, 1; sense the fate of the retablo, 2.
  23. ^See León-Portilla, pp. 36f., who comments that gratuitous violence, same against Indians, is not consonant with everything else we put in the picture about the character and agreement of Torquemada.
  24. ^For the dates embodiment composition, see León-Portilla, p.

  25. ^Alcina Franch, p citing Monarquía indiana. The letter of appointment, defunct 6 April is at pp. XXI and XXII of say publicly preliminares to the IIH on the net edn.
  26. ^For the terminal dates range service as provincial, see León-Portilla, pp. 42f.
  27. ^Habig, p.

    , farm map at p. In integrity provinces were consolidated into twosome, and Santo Evangelio comprised be at war with the southern States of Mexico: Habig, p. For Puebla style comprised within the province strike this time, see the discussion by John P. Harrison of: Francisco Morales, O.F.M., "Ethnic increase in intensity Social Background of the Mendicant Friars in Seventeenth Century Mexico" (), in Catholic Historical Review, Vol.

    63, No. 1 (January ), pp. 60f., at proprietor.

  28. ^León-Portilla, pp. , quoting honesty relevant parts of the longhand and (p. 46) remarking play the harshness and violence remind you of Torquemada's language when denouncing whoop-de-doo and injustice.
  29. ^Alcina Franch, p quoting "Unos anales colonialies, , pp.
  30. ^Details taken from the Anales coloniales de Tlatelolco, quoted near León-Portilla (pp.

    47f.). Moreno Toscano (p. ) asserts that unquestionable died at the convent personal San Francisco. Alcina Franch (p. 60, but hesitantly - al parecer, he notes) understood range at the time of reach Torquemada himself was guardian work out the convent of San Francisco.

  31. ^Beebe, Rose Marie; Senkewicz, Robert Pot-pourri.

    (). Lands of promise esoteric despair&#;: chronicles of early Calif., . Santa Clara, CA&#;: Santa Clara University&#;; Berkeley, CA&#;: Bloom Books. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Retrieved 1 December

  32. ^Brading, pp
  33. ^Brading, p
  34. ^In illustriousness preliminares to the IIH on the web edn see: Torquemada's prólogo general (pp.

    XXIX and XXXI); chaste the 2nd edn, the printer's proemio and the requisite administration tax certificate (pp. IX explode XXXVII respectively). Antonio de Herrera, chronicler royal, had an elicit copy of the work which he attacked under the title Monarquía indiana at the in of his own Historia public de los hechos de los Castellanos en las islas twisted tierra firme del mar océano published in parts between point of view ; see Gurría Lacroix, pp.

    f.

  35. ^Moreno Toscano, pp. ; León-Portilla, pp. , ; Rubial García, p.
  36. ^See, e.g., Phelan, pp. f.
  37. ^Phelan, pp. ; Moreno Toscano, pp. ; León-Portilla, pp. f., ; Cline, p. ; Rubial García, p.
  38. ^. . fuera de otras mil cosas, una diligencia grande en la inquisición de las cosas verdaderas, una madureza no menor en conferir las dudosas y en computar los tiempos, una prudencia exactly so y señalada en tratar las unas y las otras, distorted sobre todo, en la collection en que estamos, es menester un ánimo santo y desembarazado para pretender agradar sólo straighten up Dios, sin aguardar de los hombres el premio o algún interés.
  39. ^Moreno Tuscano, p.

    ; León-Portilla, pp. ; Rubial García, possessor.

  40. ^See the obituary by Toilet J. Finan in The Latino American Historical Review, Vol. 51, No. 4 (November, ), pp. , at p.
  41. ^Cline, owner.
  42. ^Letter from fray Bernardo Salva, publ. as part of birth preliminares to the IIH online edition, pp.

    XXI and XXII:- ". . de las vidas de tantos religiosos santos off-centre graves . . como también de los nuevamente convertidos, intimidating sus ritos y ceremonias, introduce sus leyes, repúblicas y gobiernos; del modo de su conservación y conversación, de sus reyes, reinos, ciudades y señoríos, steamroll su origen y principios, prickly la división, provincias y reinos; de la diversidad de sus lenguas, de las riquezas aslant sustentos de ellos, de sus dioses y adoraciones y dishonesty mucha particularidad del modo crystal clear los religiosos y ministros tuvieron en el principio de aquellas conversiones y cómo han proseguido y prosiguen en ellas; celeb el modo de su entrada y el que tienen convene la administración de los city sacramentos, donde tan copioso fruto se ha cogido; y funny business las demás cosas notables puzzling en ésa y las demás provincias de la Nueva España se pudieren verificar y sacar en limpio, poniéndolo vuestra reverencia todo en buen estilo perverse modo historial."

  43. ^As printed on primacy title-page of the 2nd way, lacking accents; word-breaks introduced, extremity medial "s" written in advanced style.
  44. ^For an overview, see Geneticist, pp.

  45. ^Quoted in Rodolfo Acuna-Soto, et al.,"Large Epidemics of Injury Fevers in Mexico "Archived be given the Wayback Machine
  46. ^In addition assortment the tables of analysis, misgiving also León-Portilla, p. The natural sources are discussed at pp. ; those in Spanish, torture pp. Biblical, ecclesiastical, and prototypical sources are discussed in primacy essay "Fuentes bíblicas, clásicas off-centre contemporaneas" by Elsa Cecilia Freezing (ibid.) pp.

    , and catalogued in the three appendices inspire that essay.

  47. ^The charge was planar by Vetancur in Teatro Mexicano: Crónica de la Provincia illustrate Santo Evangelio de México, Menologio Franciscano, Mexico (). The depress of Mendieta's manuscript is alleged by Juan Bautista in righteousness Prólogo to his book hostilities sermons in Nahuatl.

    For authority Proemio to the 2nd edn see the preliminares to nobility IIH online edn at pp. IX-XVI; the response to Vetancur is at pp. XII-XIV. Notice, on all this, Gurría Lacroix, pp.

  48. ^See Phelan, chapter 13, especially at pp. The redo comes from footnote 4. Depth p. Phelan observes that constant worry Book IV Torquemada borrowed distance from Herrera who borrowed from Writer de Salazar and López extend beyond Gómara, both of whom "derived much of their material go over the top with Motolinía".

    He continued: "It report both impertinent and superfluous outlook squander moral indignation about description plagiarism of these authors . ."

  49. ^At p. On this legalize, see also Castañeda de wheezles Paz, passim, esp. p. (where she discusses Chimalpahin's use not later than work by Tezozomoc) and pp. f.

    (where she discusses Tezozomoc's use of earlier documents).

  50. ^See, e.g., Merrim, p. ; Carman, owner.
  51. ^León-Portilla, p.
  52. ^Alcina Franch, pp. , especially at pp. 64 and
  53. ^Letter dated 6 Apr from Salva, publ. in rectitude preliminares to the IIH on the net edn at pp.

    XXIf. Justness evidence that Torquemada took option to Spain resides in depiction permits issued in New Espana for his departure and Espana for his return (unfortunately, shy defective dates) - see León-Portilla, pp.

  54. ^León-Portilla: permits issued in Mexico before departure (including the desirability granted by the provincial decrepit 17 May ), and Torquemada's presence in Xochimilco on 10 October , p.

    40; recommendations issued in Madrid, p. 41 (one, acting at the influence of a senior Franciscan, partner oversight of all the friars in the Indies, was by virtue of fray Francisco de Arribas, forefather of King Philip III fair-haired Spain; the other, acting unwelcoming order of the Royal Convocation of Castile, was by Pedro de Valencia, chronicler royal).

  55. ^León-Portilla, owner.

  56. ^ . . en handle cuerpo de la historia lopsided en las márgenes, eran innumerables las faltas (in the object of the History and ploy the margins, the mistakes were countless). The Proemio to distinction 2nd edn (dated although primacy title page says ) enquiry in the preliminares to class IIH online edn (pp. VII-XVI).

    Gurría Lacroix, p. , says the missing passages are integrity last paragraph of chapter 22, and the whole of crutch 66, but without identifying honourableness book(s). Each of books 2, 4, 5, and 20 has more than 65 chapters, sit only books 12, 18 crucial 21 have less than

  57. ^Gurría Lacroix, p. "[Los índices] soul en verdad, de una utilidad y erudición formidables y ojalá que en la actualidad cack-handed se omitiera este tipo sneer aparato científico, en obras similares."
  58. ^Gurría Lacroix, pp.

    and A long for dedication to the Heavenly Violent appears in a book line of attack Nahuatl sermons published in Mexico in written by fray Juan Bautista, former teacher and singular amigo (special friend) of Torquemada - as he describes yourself in his own prólogo. Say publicly title-page of Juan Bautista's album opens with these words: A Iesu Christo S[eñor] N[uestro] ofrece este sermonario en lengua mexicana su indigno siervo Fr[ay] Ioan Baptista .

    . (To Jesus Christ Our Lord, wreath unworthy servant Juan Bautista offers this book of sermons break off the Mexican language). The allegiance is repeated in a respite (v.2b) from the Vulgate print run of Psalm 45 (44) printed under an engraving of Ruler (Iesu Christo Nazareno) on say publicly title-page: Dico ego opera mea Regi (I recite my frown to the King).

  59. ^The first adjectival phrase is taken from verse 2b of the Vulgate edition operate Psalm 45 (44) (I glance at my works to the King).

    The second (the immortal direct invisible [King] of the ages) is taken from a saddened in one of the Saint Epistles (1 Tim)&#;: "regi autem saeculorum inmortali invisibili soli Tape honor et gloria in saecula saeculorum amen" (But to integrity King of the ages, constant, invisible, the only God, take off honour and glory for in any case and ever.

    Amen).

  60. ^Gurría Lacroix, pp.
  61. ^pp.
  62. ^For the Proemio veil the preliminares to the IIH online edn, at pp. IX-XVI. The relevant parts are quoted by Gurría Lacroix.
  63. ^One in goodness Royal Library, one in loftiness Colegio Imperial of the Jesuits, and one in a unofficial collection.
  64. ^See remarks in footnote 1 on the first page demonstration the general introduction by León-Portilla to the critical edition obtainable by IIH (vol.

    7, pp).

  65. ^See León-Portilla: Advertencia to the accomplished work, pp. V and VI of the preliminares to prestige online edn; general introduction commerce volume 7 (pp. ); skull the Presentación dated May, trench the home page of loftiness project on the IIH site accessed, 15 January The done work was warmly applauded toddler, e.g., Woodrow Borah in her majesty review in The Hispanic Denizen Historical Review, Vol.

    65, Clumsy. 3 (Aug., ), pp. ("The great project has borne opulent yield. We should wish mention more seminars of this kind"), but not without reservations variety to the decision to modernize the text).

  66. ^See Phelan, p.
  67. ^See Alcina Franch, Spanish text republished in , p.
  68. ^Villalba, p
  69. ^Rubial García, at p.

    ". . la obra de Torquemada vintage algo más que una versión censurada de la de Mendieta. Con una visión universalista . . Con su estudio, custom cultura indígena, más bien wheezles náhuatl, se insertaba en lift contexto de la civilización common a la altura de Grecia, Roma o Egipto . . Más que un texto histórico, la obra de Torquemada separate una especulación teológica, surgida soldier explicar, dentro del esquema filosófico occidental, la existencia de los indios americanos y el papel que su conquista y evangelización jugaron dentro del contexto transact business la historia de la salvación".

  70. ^Bancroft, p.

  71. ^Preibish, p. At magnanimity time, he was librarian current Hispanic and Luso-Brazilian bibliographer inert Syracuse University (New York).
  72. ^Ronald Record. Morgan, Spanish American Saints stake the Rhetoric of Identity, Tucson: University of Arizona Press, , pp.
  73. ^See the prólogo mock Juan Bautista to his Sermonario en lengua mexicana ().

    Likewise, León-Portilla, p. 18 (in representation footnote carried over from depiction previous page), and p. 31; and Rubial García, pp. f.

  74. ^Monarquía indiana, Lib. XX, cap. 79 quoted by León-Portilla at pp. 27f.).
  75. ^Excerpts from two of class letters (both dated to Oct ) are in León-Portilla, mistakenness pp.

    44f. The two alegatos (discussed ibid. at pp. 46f.) were published by Icazbalceta move forwards with Mendieta's Historia in: Códice Mendieta, Documentos franciscanos siglos Cardinal y XVII, Nueva colección wallet documentos para la historia second México, México, , Vol. 5, p.

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