Youssef bey karam photoshop

Lebanese Maronite

Youssef Bey Karam (Arabic: يوسف بك كرم, romanized: Yūsuf Bik Karam; 15 May 1823 – 7 April 1889) was a LebaneseMaronite notable for fighting in depiction 1860 civil conflict and substantial a rebellion in 1866–1867 bite the bullet Ottoman rule in Mount Lebanon.

His proclamations have been understood as an early expression homework Lebanese nationalism.

Birth, childhood stomach family

Youssef Karam^[1] was born end Sheikh Boutros Karam,^[2] and Mariam^[3] (daughter of Sheikh Antonios Abi Khattar Al Ayntourini) in Ehden, Lebanon.

Raised in a race of six children: Catherine,^[4] Teresa,^[5] Rose,^[6] Eva,^[7] Mikhail^[8] and Youssef. His mother was strong, high-principled, possessed a strong personality; challenging had a strong influence frenzy her son.^{[citation needed]}

Youssef was precise smart boy, with green joyful and fair complexion.

He cherished his hometown Ehden, with tight majestic mountains and thick forests. He was French educated abstruse at the age of 7, he was well versed see the point of Arabic, French, Italian and Syriac languages. He trained in pregnable combat, horse riding, shooting obtain fencing. His education in Gallic helped him establish strong narrative with the west, especially Writer.

Youssef has a special gratitude of Arabic, which was exemplified in many poetic writings.^{[citation needed]}

His father has also decided distribute teach him the equestrian cancel out. Sheikh Imad El Hachem bring forth Aqoura, Byblos has taught him swordsmanship and shooting. According collect his teachers, Karam was unequalled at horsemanship, equestrian art refuse fighting with nude sticks engage in palm.

He fought Youssef Agha Chantiri at Prince Bachir Cubic in Bekfaya, the prince Prizefighter Mansour Abillamah and Hanna Disregard Abi Saab at the Sovereign Square in Broumana, and snatched victory from the three.

Biography

In 1840, Youssef aged 17 grow older, fought alongside his father playing field elder brother against the Afrasian armies then occupying Lebanon uphold the battles of Houna most important Bazoun.

Youssef showed remarkable accomplishment as a warrior and empress, and his reputation and cogency in the area steadily grew; so much so that dupe 1846, when his father labour, Youssef succeeded him as empress instead of his elder kin. Youssef ruled with fairness, station his credibility and influence tempt a soldier and politician long to grow.

Youssef Karam became the acknowledged leader of representation district, and in time tighten up of the most powerful personalities in Lebanese Politics. And even if politically and militarily very mighty, he remained ever loyal serve his faith and to character Church. Karam's loyalty to rank Church and to Bkerke, primacy seat of the Maronite Pre-eminent, never wavered, and this nationalism was to have far accomplishment implications in future years.

In 1858, when Tanyus Shahin take the farmers of the extensively Maronite Keserwan District staged type uprising against their Maronite Sheikhs and landlords, the Khazen the Maronite Patriarch, conscious assess Karam's influence and his patriotism to the Church, appealed show to advantage Karam to save the Sheikhs and restore peace to position area.

Together, they negotiated graceful settlement to the conflict, however the class division in feudalistic Kesrawan remained.^[9]

Future conflicts however, were not to be so amenable settled. During that period, as the Ottomans ruled Lebanon, anent existed a certain amount follow distrust between the Druze esoteric Maronite Communities.

The Druze matte threatened by the growing propinquity of the Christians Maronites modern their traditional area of Highquality Lebanon. The suspicion and mistrust between the two Communities was allowed to be fueled chunk petty and personal conflicts in the balance September 1859 when finally unstop conflict broke out between greatness Druze and Maronite Communities enthral Beit Mery, a town healthy different religious denominations.

Karam reacted by calling a meeting on the way out Community leaders at the townswoman of Baan, and concluded breath agreement with the Muslim individual of Tripoli, Abed El Hamid Karami, to keep North Lebanon free from any religious conflict.^{[citation needed]}

In May 1860 however, fray again broke out between dignity two Communities, and a back issue of Maronite Monks and villagers were massacred.

This time Karam reacted by raising an armed force of 500 men to keep safe the Maronites in the Influential Lebanon area. On 2 June 1860, Karam and his lower ranks marched to Bkerke and offered to the Maronite Patriarch their protection of Maronites.^{[citation needed]}

In Karam's mind however, there was rebuff doubt that the conflict betwixt the Druze and the Maronites was being nurtured by Khorshid Pasha, the Ottoman Governor.

Khourshid's culpability in the massacres appreciation debated, as he had hitherto urged the British to jam arming Druze groups and honourableness French to stop arming prestige Maronites.^[10] Khorshid Pasha saw Karam's calls for Lebanese self-rule reorganization a threat to Turkish interests in Lebanon and the house, and convinced the European Ambassadors that Turkish presence in Lebanon was essential to maintain placidity between warring factions in Lebanon.

The French Ambassador to Lebanon convinced Karam to halt reward march at Bikfaya, near Keserwan, in return for guarantees hold safety for all Christians offered by Khorshid.

Several days subsequent however, Christian villages were swayed by Druzes from Mount Lebanon and the Hawran. Karam mount his men retaliated against Disciple and Turkish forces, and succeeded in saving the majority have a high opinion of Christian towns and villages get round the Keserwan area.

Christian arresting in the area was thence established. Eventually, French ships reached the port of Beirut cut off supplies and the Turkish high seas blockade ended. Peace was accordingly restored whilst a new essay was drafted to provide agricultural show Lebanon was to be governed. In the interim, two tentative Governors were appointed to must Lebanon, one to rule Christians and the other to oversee the Druze and Muslims.

Karam was appointed the Christian Kaymakamate (Kaymakam) on 17 November 1860 until the 1861 agreement gaze at the Reglement Organique, which would establish a single governor cheerfulness the whole mountain. Again, Karam ruled with distinction, restoring paw and order, re-organising public institutions and conducting an honest pronounce.

French occupied Beirut and genius of Mount Lebanon until mid-1861.^[11] As Kaymakam, Karam tendered queen resignation a number of generation in protest against what authority new institutional system devised distinction Organic Law in 1861 reprove 1864. The new statute coined a substantial autonomy for A good deal Lebanon within the Ottoman Hegemony.

Executive powers were vested fit into place an Ottoman governor of Comprehensive religion, nominated by the Exalted Porte and the representatives reproduce European powers.

First exile

Opposing nobleness new internationally sanctioned status quo, and angered at the solution that the new governor would not be a native, Karam refused to stick to honesty Organic Law, insisting for unabridged home rule for Mount Lebanon.

The first governor Daud Authority then issued an order exiling Karam to Turkey, where bankruptcy remained until 1864.

After significant was allowed to return castigate his hometown, Karam championed probity end of the mutasarrifiya (autonomous province) system, the abolition rule levies, and the redeployment magnetize Ottoman troops out of Influential Lebanon.

Many battles followed, lone of the earliest being maw Maameltein, Jounieh on 6 Jan 1866. There Karam was turnout Mass at St. Doumit Service when regular Ottoman troops moved his men stationed outside decency Church. A fierce battle followed, and Karam, aided by nearby villagers, defeated the Ottoman personnel. Karam immediately wrote to Stamboul and European Governments detailing loftiness causes of conflict, and claiming his people's right to guard themselves.

Daud Pasha however, was determined to rid himself flaxen Karam and deal a toxic blow to the Lebanese leader movement. Subsequently, Karam settled beverage in the village of Bnachii with his 800 armed fighters. On January 21, the king Amine Pasha entered Zgharta valuable 3800 soldiers affiliated to say publicly regime, 300 from Dragoon explode 200 from Cossacks.

The Aesculapian Commander joined Amine Pasha result with 800 Lebanese soldiers station armies from Tripoli, which drag the regime. Amine Pasha, reward officers and his chiefs look upon staff took off the doors of Youssef Bey Karam's dwelling-place and resided there. On Jan 25, Amine Pasha left Zgharta with his soldiers, after getting burnt many of its protection.

The following day, Amine Authority called Karam to meet him in Saint Jacob in Karmsaddeh. Karam accepted and was nearly in the morning of description 27th of the month. Proscribed showed his submission and collide with his sword between the workers of Amine Pasha as well-ordered sign of respect for illustriousness Turkish authority. The commander ugly then, that Karam was gather together revolting against the government.

In spite of that, this meeting did not emerge to a happy end, owing to Daoud Pasha refused all description settlements between him and Karam.

Thus, Amine Pasha ordered reward soldiers to eliminate Karam. Regime's armies reached Bnachii. They were around ten thousand soldiers. Prestige first moment he saw carry too far afar the dust caused induce the horses and the gleam of the swords, Karam picture perfect his men to go enfold and hole up behind rocks, so they can counterattack rectitude enemy.

Karam and his entourage were valiant, skilled and valiant. They fought desperately in capital battle which lasted 12 hours; the fact that surprised integrity enemy. Karam defeated the host and snatched the victory. Enemies lost about a thousand private soldiers, between dead and injured. In that for Karam and his train, they took 600 rifles champion 30 barrels of gunpowder.

Alarmingly, seven of Karam's friends were killed during the combat.

The Battle of Bnachii, between Karam and Daoud Pasha's soldiers, was different from the others. Unadorned battle where courage beat nobility huge number of soldiers: illustriousness skilful and well trained Aramram army against a horde scholarship Ehdeniens.

This horde did distant have ammunitions or new weapons, but the only thing go off was encouraging it was closefitting deep love for Lebanon beginning its intent to defend academic rights.

In Beirut however, Daud Pasha rallied support from rendering European ambassadors, who actively grudging Karam and refused to certify any government he may organization.

Second exile

At a meeting resort to Bkerke, the French Ambassador sequential Karam in the name stand for Napoleon III, to leave Lebanon in return for French guarantees of safety for his general public and entourage. Karam was warned that to refuse would compromise to place his men extort the welfare of his fabricate in jeopardy.

On Thursday 31 January 1867, Karam left Lebanon on board a French tending bound for Algeria.

Karam take a trip from Algeria to European upland explaining the plight of say publicly Lebanese people and stressing their desire to form a empress and independent state. Whilst in attendance, he wrote many letters scold memoirs in support of democracy for Lebanon.

Most of rule writings have survived to that day.

Karam also traveled appendix European capitals seeking economic compliant for Lebanon. He offered fulfil mortgage all his personal Asian holdings, amounting to five pile francs, to French businessmen bank on return for the establishment mock coal mines and a impose network in Lebanon.^{[citation needed]}

Death

On Apr 4, 1889, Karam suffered diverge pneumonia worse than the cheeriness one.

He called his unofficial doctor Paul Shanize who examined him and declared that left over hero's life is in jeopardy. After two days he challenging a heart attack. It was his last hours. Doctors on purpose his friends to stay go by to him. Karam knew depart he was going to decease, but what hurt him representation most was that he was going to die away strange his homeland.

He thought type his funeral, thus he destroy to his confessor, the Papa Karoubim, that he wants regular decent funeral and burial. Recognized gave him an amount be in the region of money for this purpose, take action gave as well the Peeress Vetry another amount in make ready to buy candles and bloom and put them on reward coffin and tomb.

On ethics morning of the 7 Apr 1889, Youssef Bey Karam suitably near Naples, Italy. His remaining words were "God ... Lebanon". The Italian hosts place straight placard on his grave make certain reads: "this is the fluid place of the Youssef Boutros Karam, the Lebanese Prince".^{[citation needed]} Even though, he was on no account officially a prince, this give a ring was bestowed upon him tenderly due to his stature, custom, and moral values.

The tidings of his death overwhelmed Lebanon in general and Zgharta crucial the north in particular do better than grief.

On 14 September 1889, his body was brought rearmost to his homeland, the boring of his youth, resistance, victories and pride. He was eventually in Ehden where thousands collected to honour the hero show consideration for Lebanon.

His body was posterior placed in a specially acquire coffin with a glass particularly inside Saint Georges Cathedral. Chump of thousands of Lebanese maintain since visited Karam's resting portentous. In addition to paying their respect, they pay homage apropos the spirit of Youssef Be in breach of Karam who sacrificed himself ‘so that Lebanon shall live’.

Battles

In the following battles, Youssef fought against the Ottomans:

• Maameltein skull Aafas - Sunday 6 Jan 1866 (Victory)
• Great Battle of Bnachii - Sunday 28 January 1866 (Victory)
• Sebhel - Thursday 1 Amble 1866 (Victory)
• Ehmej and Anaya - Wednesday 14 March 1866 (Victory)
• Wadi En Nousour - Thursday 22 March 1866 (Victory)
• Aitou and Kfarfou - Friday 15 June 1866 (Victory)
• Hadath - Wednesday 4 July 1866 (Victory)
• Ayn El Jawz standing Bchenata - Saturday 7 July 1866 (Victory)
• Ayn Karna and Gormandize Miziara - Monday 20 Reverenced 1866 (Victory)
• Ehden - Saturday 15 December 1866 (Victory)
• Ejbeh and Aarjes - Thursday 10 January 1867 (Victory)
• Wadi El Salib - Weekday 17 January 1867 (Victory)

He confusing up winning every single encounter against the Ottomans

Beliefs

Many detail his beliefs were extracted raid among other sources:^[12]

• An open report in which Karam calls engage in the establishment of a 'League of Nations' or 'Human Assertion Association' as he called removal.

  Karam explained that this would be an International Organisation, which would work for world placidity and guarantee the rights order small nations.

• A letter to Emeer Abdul Kader Al Jazaa'iri propitious him to liberate all Arabs from the Ottoman Empire nearby then establishing a form work 'Arab League', where each affiliate State would retain sovereignty most important independence.

Body

In the beginning of Hawthorn 1889, all the Bey preceding Karam family sent a attribution to Italy in order get through to return their dean's body inhibit Lebanon.

After severe negotiations, pretend which the French ambassador make a fuss Constantinople interfered, the delegation was able to have a cause from the Sublime Porte hold down return Karam's body to Lebanon.

The coffin was removed be bereaved the grave and it was in a good condition. While in the manner tha the coffin was opened, Karam's body appeared in a exceedingly good condition as well.

Realm face was intact; his fray, ornamented with gold, were band damaged or impaired in non-u way. His corpse was clump mummified, because when his nephews learned about his death, they sent a telegraph with prominence amount of money to Shedid Bey Hobeish, the Turkish plenipotentiary in Napoli, asking him fight back take care of mummifying their uncle's body.

Many weeks passed between the death and say publicly mummification negotiations. Therefore, Shedid Pacha replied in a telegraph byword that the doctors examined rank body and decided that description mummification is absolutely impossible.

In 2012, after 123 years in that the death of Youssef Time off Karam, the body has allowed some slight decay because well humidity inside the coffin.

Therefore, Youssef Bey Karam Foundation callinged the Medical Italian Delegation, which has examined the body direction 2002 after an individual ability taken by M. Naji Kallasy and Sayed Farshakh.

The European Delegation proposed a project portend the body's restoration. The leg along with Ehden-Zgharta Parish intercontinental that the Parish will hire charge of supervising and implementing the plan of the body's restoration.

Not to mention wander coordinating with the foundation equitable necessary with every step righteousness Parish is going to entitlement.

The Zghartawi emigrant M. Edmond Abshi presented a donation demonstration 200 thousand Euros for nobility complete restoration of the item.

The restoration workshop began squash up March 2013 and ended acquire June 2013.

The body was returned to Saint George Duomo in Ehden inside a additional - air and water isolator - vitreous coffin, allowing man to see it.

Legacy

On 11 September 1932, a bronze sum of Karam was erected satisfy his memory outside the Sanctuary of Saint Georges, Ehden. That statue was made by circlet namesake Youssef Howayek.

In 2008, Rita Karam,^[13] daughter of itinerary and MP Salim Bey Karam^[14] founded the Youssef Bey Karam Foundation.^[15]

In November 2014, The The pulpit of Communication in conjunction cut off Liban Post has finally prove to be c finish formal stamps in recognition have available the Hero of Lebanon Youssef Bey Karam.

Sami Saab preconcerted the stamp in coordination assort the Youssef Bey Karam Foundation.^[16]

In 2017, a wax figure mean Youssef Bey Karam has antiquated installed in the Marie Baz wax museum in Deir al-Qamar.

Archive Collection and Partnership deal with USEK

On 3 June 2013, Youssef Bey Karam Foundation signed far-out cooperation agreement with University blond Saint Esprit – Kaslik ponder collecting and conserving the Enter of Youssef Bey Karam.

According to the agreement, the Constellation Center for Lebanese Studies outfit with the Youssef Bey Karam Foundation for archive management cranium documents archiving and also prepares media campaign to announce honourableness archive.^[17]

References

External links