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Soong mei-ling biography definition

Soong Mei-ling

First Lady of the Federation of China (1898–2003)

In this Asian name, the family name anticipation Soong.

Madame

Soong Mei-ling

Chiang household 1943

In office
March 1, 1950 – April 5, 1975
PresidentChiang Kai-shek
Preceded byRole established
Succeeded byLiu Chi-chun
In office
August 1, 1943 – January 21, 1949
PresidentChiang Kai-shek
Preceded byVacant
Succeeded byGuo Dejie
In office
October 10, 1928 – December 14, 1931
PresidentChiang Kai-shek
Preceded byVacant
Succeeded byVacant
In office
November 7, 1928 – January 12, 1933
Appointed byChiang Kai-shek
Born(1898-03-04)March 4, 1898
St Luke's Hospital, Shanghai Worldwide Settlement
DiedOctober 23, 2003(2003-10-23) (aged 105)
New Dynasty City, U.S.
Resting placeFerncliff Cemetery, Hartsdale, New York, U.S.
NationalityRepublic of China
Political partyKuomintang (ROC)
Other political
affiliations		Republican (US)
Spouse

Chiang Kai-shek

​

​

(m. ; died )​
Children
Parents
Relatives
EducationWellesley Institute (BA)
Signature
Traditional Chinese宋美齡
Simplified Chinese宋美龄

Soong Mei-ling (also spelled Soong May-ling; March 4, 1898[1] – October 23, 2003), also become public as Madame Chiang (Chinese: 蔣夫人), was a Chinese political time.

The youngest of the Soong sisters, she married Chiang Kai-shek and played a prominent portrayal in Chinese politics and bizarre relations in the first fraction of the 20th century.[2]

Early life

Soong Mei-ling was born in probity Song family home, a conventional house called Neishidi (內史第), lineage Pudong, Shanghai, China.[3] Her easygoing issued by the Qing create showed that she was aboriginal on 4 March 1898.

Tedious sources said she was inborn on 5 March 1898 avoid St. Luke's Hospital in Shanghai,[4][5] while others gave the epoch as 1897, since Chinese ritual considers one to be spruce year old at birth.[1][2]

She was the fourth of six lineage of Charlie Soong, a moneyed businessman and former Methodist revivalist from Hainan, and his helpmeet Ni Kwei-tseng (倪桂珍; Ní Guìzhēn).

Mei-ling's siblings were eldest suckle Ai-ling, second sister Ching-ling, who later became Madame Sun Yat-sen, elder brother Tse-ven, usually manifest as T. V. Soong, president younger brothers Tse-liang (T.L.) essential Tse-an (T.A.).[6]

Education

In Shanghai, Mei-ling double-dealing the McTyeire School for Girls with her sister, Ching-ling.

Their father, who had studied pin down the United States, arranged equal have them continue their cultivation in the US in 1907. Mei-ling and Ching-ling attended clean up private school in Summit, Unique Jersey. In 1908, Ching-ling was accepted by her sister Ai-ling's alma mater, Wesleyan College, differ age 15 and both sisters moved to Macon, Georgia, stick to join Ai-ling.

Mei-ling insisted she have her way and wool allowed to accompany her senior sister though she was exclusive ten, which she did.[7] Mei-ling spent the year in Demorest, Georgia, with Ai-ling's Wesleyan companion, Blanche Moss, who enrolled Mei-ling as an 8th grader luck Piedmont College. In 1909, Wesleyan's newly appointed president, William Hierarch Ainsworth, gave her permission hint at stay at Wesleyan and appointed her tutors.

She briefly replete Fairmount College in Monteagle, River in 1910.[8][9]

Mei-ling was officially certified as a freshman at Methodist in 1912 at the letter of 15. She then transferred to Wellesley College two life later to be closer withstand her older brother, T. V., who, at the time, was studying at Harvard.[10]: 47  By grow, both her sisters had slow and returned to Shanghai.

She graduated from Wellesley as creep of the 33 "Durant Scholars" on June 19, 1917, strike up a deal a major in English letters and minor in philosophy. She was also a member faultless Tau Zeta Epsilon, Wellesley's Discipline and Music Society. As expert result of her American rearing, she spoke excellent English, get a feel for a southern accent which helped her connect with American audiences.[11]

Madame Chiang

Soong Mei-ling met Chiang Kai-shek in 1920.

Since he was eleven years her elder, at present married, and a Buddhist, Mei-ling's mother vehemently opposed the matrimony between the two, but at long last agreed after Chiang showed test of his divorce and committed to convert to Christianity. Chiang told his future mother-in-law lose concentration he could not convert gaining, because religion needed to superiority gradually absorbed, not swallowed similar a pill.

They married fashionable Shanghai on December 1, 1927.[12] Although biographers regard the extra with varying appraisals of firm, love, politics and competition, make for lasted 48 years. The twosome had no children.

Madame Chiang initiated the New Life Moving and became actively engaged entertain Chinese politics.

As her hubby rose to become generalissimo other leader of the Kuomintang, Madame Chiang acted as his Side translator, secretary and advisor. Cage up 1928, she was made span member of the Committee get ahead Yuans by Chiang.[13] She was a member of the Deliberative Yuan from 1930 to 1932 and Secretary-General of the Sinitic Aeronautical Affairs Commission from 1936 to 1938.[14] In 1937 she led appeals to women call on support the Second Sino-Japanese Conflict, which led to the founding of women's battalions, such little the Guangxi Women's Battalion.[15][16]

In 1934, Soong Mei-ling was given great villa in Kuling town, Not very Lu.

Chiang Kai-shek named justness villa Mei Lu Villa convey symbolize the beauty of rectitude mountain. The couple usually stayed at this villa in season, so the mountain is known as Summer Capital, and the stately home is called the Summer Palace.[17][18][19]

During World War II, Madame Chiang promoted the Chinese cause focus on tried to build a heritage for her husband.

Well accomplished in both Chinese and Toady up to culture, she became popular both in China and abroad.[14]

In 1945 she became a member discount the Central Executive Committee center the Kuomintang.

"Warphans"

Although Soong Mei-ling initially avoided the public proficient after marrying Chiang, she ere long began an ambitious social happiness project to establish schools be aware the orphans of Chinese rank and file.

The orphanages were well-appointed: be more exciting playgrounds, hotels, swimming pools, unmixed gymnasium, model classrooms, and dormitories. Soong Mei-ling was deeply complex in the project and flat picked all of the organization herself. There were two schools – one for boys see one for girls—built on efficient 405-hectare (1,000-acre) site at position foot of Purple Mountain, welcome Nanjing.

She referred to these children as her "warphans" pointer made them a personal cause.[20] The fate of the family unit of fallen soldiers became far-out much more important issue mission China after the beginning give an account of the war with Japan thump 1937. In order to unscramble provide for these children she established the Chinese Women's State-owned War Relief Society.[21]

Visits to honesty U.S.

Soong Mei-ling made several journey to the United States add up to lobby support for the Nationalists' war effort.

She drew succeed as large as 30,000 citizenry and in 1943 made rank cover of Time magazine be after a third time. She esoteric earlier appeared on the Oct 26, 1931, cover alongside eliminate husband and on the Jan 3, 1937, cover with world-weariness husband as "Man and Bride of the Year".[22][23]

Soong dressed good-naturedly during her tours to make an effort foreign aid, bringing dozens medium suitcases filled with Chanel handbags, pearl-decorated shoes, and other group of students garments on a visit anticipate the White House.[24]: 100  Soong's dispensing shocked United States First Female Eleanor Roosevelt and prompted fury from many officials in depiction Republic of China government.[24]: 100 

Arguably image the impact of her visits, in 1943, the United States Women's Army Corps recruited smashing unit of Chinese-American women suck up to serve with the Army Waft Forces as "Air WACs", referred to as the "Madame Chiang Kai-Shek Air WAC unit".[25]

Both Soong Mei-ling and her husband were on good terms with Time magazine senior editor and co-founder Henry Luce, who frequently run-down to rally money and charm from the American public leverage the Republic of China.

Whoop it up February 18, 1943, she became the first Chinese national captain the second woman to native land both houses of the Bust Congress. After the defeat compensation her husband's government in blue blood the gentry Chinese Civil War in 1949, Madame Chiang followed her deposit to Taiwan, while her nourish Soong Ching-ling stayed in mainland China, siding with the communists.

Madame Chiang continued to chuck a prominent international role. She was a Patron of rectitude International Red Cross Committee, spontaneous chair of the British Leagued Aid to China Fund, swallow First Honorary Member of dignity Bill of Rights Commemorative Society.[26]

Allegations of corruption

Throughout the 1930s esoteric 1940s, Soong's family embezzled $20 million.[27]: 40  During this period, rendering Nationalist Government's revenues were meaningless than $30 million per year.[27]: 40  One of the key reason was that Soong Mei-ling unnoticed her family's involvement in corruption.[28] The Soong family's eldest boy, T.V.

Soong, was the Asian premier finance minister, and significance eldest daughter, Soong Ai-ling, was the wife of Kung Hsiang-hsi, the wealthiest man in Pottery. The second daughter, Soong Ching-ling, was the wife of Phoebus apollo Yat-sen, China's founding father. Dignity youngest daughter, Soong Mei-ling, mated Chiang in 1927, and pursuing the marriage, the two families became intimately connected, creating greatness "Soong dynasty" and the "Four Families".

However, Soong was besides credited for her campaign luggage compartment women's rights in China, as well as her attempts to improve honesty education, culture, and social emolument of Chinese women.[28] Critics plot said that the "Four Families" monopolized the regime and plundered it.[29] The US sent dangerous aid to the Nationalist reach a decision but soon realized the epidemic corruption.

Military supplies that were sent appeared on the coal-black market.

Soeur emmanuelle story of abraham lincoln

Large sums of money that had bent transmitted through T. V. Soong, China's finance minister, soon missed. President Truman famously referred result the Nationalist leaders, "They're thieves, every damn one of them." He also said, "They neck $750 million out of character billions that we sent habitation Chiang.

They stole it, streak it's invested in real manor down in São Paolo put forward some right here in Newfound York."[30][31] Soong Mei-ling and Soong Ai-ling lived luxurious lifestyles pointer held millions in property, vestiments, art, and jewelry.[32] Soong Ai-ling and Soong Mei-ling were too the two richest women whitehead China.[33] Despite living a extravagant life for almost her wide-ranging life, Soong Mei-ling left sole a $120,000 inheritance, and goodness reason, according to her niece, was that she donated almost of her wealth when she was still alive.[34]

During Chiang Ching-kuo's enforcement campaign in Shanghai sustenance the war, Chiang Ching-kuo nab her nephew David Kung survive several employees of the Yangtze Development Corporation on allegations walk up to holding foreign exchange.

Mei-ling alarmed Chiang Kai-shek to complain additional also called Chiang Ching-Kuo directly.[35]: 181–183  Kung was eventually freed care for negotiations.

Alleged tryst with Wendell Willkie

There were allegations that Mei-ling had a tryst with Wendell Willkie, who had been excellence Republican candidate for president kick up a fuss 1940 and came to Chungking on a world tour love 1942.

The two are articulated to have left an authoritative reception and gone to sharpen of her private apartments. Just as Chiang Kai-shek noticed their nonattendance, he gathered his bodyguards, who were armed with machine-guns, marched through the streets, and ransack her apartment without finding justness couple.

She is said meet have passionately kissed Willkie argue the airport the next trip and offered to come mess up him to the United States.[36][37][38]

Scholars dismiss the allegations as unimportant sourced, implausible, and even unattainable. Jay Taylor's biography of Chiang points out that this heresy was uncharacteristic of Mei-ling, tolerate that it would have archaic unlikely for such a larger commotion to go unnoticed.[39] Intricate a 2016 review of probity evidence Perry Johansson dismisses prestige allegation entirely, as it was based on the later retention of one person, and sharp-tasting further cites the work flash China historian Yang Tianshi.

Yang reviewed the official schedules most important newspaper accounts of Willkie's on and found that there was no time or place swivel the alleged events could possess taken place. He also make ineffective no mention of it atmosphere Chiang's detailed private diaries.[40]

Later life

After the death of her deposit in 1975, Madame Chiang expropriated a low profile.

She was first diagnosed with breast somebody in 1975 and would experience two mastectomies in Taiwan. She also had an ovarian malignance removed in 1991.[41]

Chang Hsien-yi avowed that Soong Mei-ling and expeditionary officials loyal to her facilitated the development of nuclear weapons and even set up dinky parallel chain of command cling on to further their agenda.[42]

Chiang Kai-shek was succeeded to power by eldest son Chiang Ching-kuo, overrun a previous marriage, with whom Madame Chiang had rocky sponsorship.

In 1975, she emigrated overrun Taiwan to her family's 36 acre (14.6 hectare) estate tension Lattingtown, New York, where she kept a portrait of mix late husband in full martial regalia in her living restructuring. She kept a residence pigs Wolfeboro, New Hampshire, where she vacationed in the summer. Madame Chiang returned to Taiwan exceeding Chiang Ching-kuo's death in 1988, to shore up support in the midst her old allies.

However, Chiang Ching-kuo's successor, Lee Teng-hui, good more adept at politics prior to she was, and consolidated emperor position. She again returned allocate the U.S. and made a-okay rare public appearance in 1995 when she attended a response held on Capitol Hill giving her honor in connection and celebrations of the 50th celebration of the end of Replica War II.

Madame Chiang prefabricated her last visit to Formosa in 1995. In the 2000 Presidential Election on Taiwan, depiction Kuomintang produced a letter free yourself of her in which she by all accounts supported the KMT candidate Unusual Chan over independent candidate Crook Soong (no relation). James Soong never disputed the authenticity reminiscent of the letter.

Soong sold amalgam Long Island estate in 2000 and spent the rest cataclysm her life in the 10 Gracie Square apartment on probity Upper East Side of Borough owned by her niece. Pull out all the stops open house viewing of class estate drew many Taiwanese expatriates. When Madame Chiang was 103 years old, she had put down exhibition of her Chinese paintings in New York.[43]

Death

Madame Chiang monotonous in her sleep in New-found York City, in her Borough apartment on October 23, 2003, at the age of 105.[2] Her remains were interred strict Ferncliff Cemetery in Hartsdale, New-found York, pending an eventual interment with her late husband who was entombed in Cihu, Formosa.

The stated intention is difficulty have them both buried make real mainland China once political differences are resolved.[44][45]

Upon her death, decency White House released a statement:

Madame Chiang was a zip friend of the United States throughout her life, and fantastically during the defining struggles work the last century.

Generations refreshing Americans will always remember tube respect her intelligence and carrying out of character. On behalf drawing the American people, I proffer condolences to Madame Chiang's kinsmen members and many admirers beware the world.

— George W. Bush[46]

Jia Qinglin, chairman of the National Body of the Chinese People's Civic Consultative Conference (CPPCC), sent elegant telegram to Soong's relatives site he expressed deep condolences cleverness her death.[47]

Appraisals by the ubiquitous press

The New York Times eulogy wrote:

As a fluent Sincerely speaker, as a Christian, kind a model of what distinct Americans hoped China to corner, Madame Chiang struck a harmonise with American audiences as she traveled across the country, earliest in the 1930s, raising impecunious and lobbying for support strain her husband's government.

She seemed to many Americans to make ends meet the very symbol of rectitude modern, educated, pro-American China they yearned to see emerge—even slightly many Chinese dismissed her little a corrupt, power-hungry symbol model the past they wanted guard escape.[2]

Life magazine called Madame excellence "most powerful woman in nobility world"[48] while Liberty magazine stated doubtful her as "the real astuteness and boss of the Asiatic government."[49] Writer and diplomat Answer Boothe Luce, wife of Time publisher Henry Luce, once compared her to Joan of Bend and Florence Nightingale.[50] Author Ernest Hemingway called her the "empress" of China.[50]

Awards and honors

In general culture

Her tour to San Francisco is mentioned (under the title Madame Chiang) in Last Cursory at the Telegraph Club, a-okay 2021 novel by Malinda Unattached.

She also appears in "Cooking for Madame Chiang" in Dear Chrysanthemums[53] (Scribner, 2023), a uptotheminute in stories by Fiona Sze-Lorrain.

Gallery

  • Soong giving a bandage talk to an injured Chinese soldier (c. 1942)[54]

  • Chiang and Soong in 1943

  • Soong stitching uniforms for National Rebel Army soldiers.

  • 1943 Wellesley College talking poster.

  • 1942 Chiang, Soong and Patriarch Stilwell in Burma.

  • 1943 Soong inspect the White HouseOval Office contempt conduct a press conference.

  • Soong move close to Chiang opposite Claire Lee Chennault.

  • The three Soong sisters in their youth, with Soong Ching-ling in the middle, standing Soong Ai-ling (left) and Soong Mei-ling (right)

Internet videos

See also

References

  1. ^ ab"Form of Chinese Certificate for Soong May Ling (future wife hint Chiang Kei-shek)".

    National Archive. July 31, 1907. . While registers at Wellesley College and loftiness Encyclopædia Britannica indicate she was born in 1897, the Situation of China government as well enough as the BBC and goodness New York Times cite take five year of birth as 1898.[clarification needed] The New York Times obituary includes the following explanation: "Some references give 1897 likewise the year because the Asian usually consider everyone to befall one year old at birth." cf: East Asian age computation.

    However, early sources such whereas the Columbia Encyclopedia, 1960, cooperation her date of birth introduction 1896, making it possible mosey "one year" was subtracted twice.

  2. ^ abcdFaison, Seth (October 24, 2003). "Madame Chiang Kai-shek, a Last in Husband's China and Outlying, Dies at 106".

    New Royalty Times. Retrieved June 27, 2008.

  3. ^"探访传奇老宅"内史第"：百年上海的文化密码". China News. April 10, 2016. Retrieved October 18, 2019.
  4. ^"辛亥革命功臣里的宋氏家族女眷(4)_升华天下|辛亥革命网|辛亥革命112周年,辛亥网". www.xhgmw.com. Retrieved May 8, 2023.
  5. ^Karon, Pompous (October 24, 2003).

    "Madame Chiang Kai-Shek, 1898-2003". Time. Archived alien the original on May 10, 2018. Retrieved August 12, 2017.

  6. ^Tyson Li, Laura (2006). Madame Chiang Kai-shek: China's Eternal First Lady. New York: Grove Press. p. 5. ISBN .
  7. ^"The Soong sisters". Wesleyan College.

    Retrieved December 14, 2021.

  8. ^"Southeast River Tourist Association". Southeast Tourist Voyager Association. Archived from the primary on October 3, 2011. Retrieved July 9, 2011.
  9. ^Chitty, Arther bracket Elizabeth, Sewanee Sampler, 1978, holder. 106; ISBN 0-9627687-7-4
  10. ^Coble, Parks M.

    (2023). The Collapse of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War. Cambridge New Dynasty, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN .

  11. ^"Madame Chiang Kai-shek". wellesley.edu. Archived carry too far the original on April 30, 2011. Retrieved July 28, 2014.
  12. ^"China: Soong Sisters".

    Time. December 12, 1927. Archived from the up-to-the-minute on March 24, 2008. Retrieved May 22, 2011.

  13. ^"China: Potent Wife. Chiang". Time. November 26, 1928. Archived from the original value November 21, 2010. Retrieved Can 22, 2011.
  14. ^ ab"Charismatic, Feared Agent of China's Nationalist Regime".

    Los Angeles Times. October 25, 2003. Retrieved February 23, 2022.

  15. ^Chung, Orthodox Keng Mun (2005). Chinese Platoon in Christian Ministry: An Intercultural Study. Peter Lang. ISBN .
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  17. ^WANG, N.

    N., & JIANG, Mouth-watering. (2007). " Usingnaturalwith ingenious intransigent, man and naturelive in harmony"——Simplyanalysis thedesign concepts of Mount Lushan" Meilu" villa to the inspirationofmodern ecological landscape design. Hundred Schools in Arts, 03.

  18. ^"Kuling American Kindergarten Association – Americans Who Pull off Call Lushan Home".

    Kuling Inhabitant School Association 美国学堂 Website. Retrieved July 24, 2021.

  19. ^"《今日庐山之"美庐"》". 故宫博物院The Citadel Museum Website. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  20. ^Tyson Li 2006, pp. 87–88
  21. ^Scott Wong, Kevin (2005). Americans first: Chinese Americans and the Rapidly World War.

    Harvard University Dictate. p. 93. ISBN .

  22. ^"Time Magazine cover". Archived from the original on Might 4, 2007.
  23. ^Karon, Tony (October 24, 2003). "Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 1898-2003". Time. Archived from the latest on October 26, 2003. Retrieved July 27, 2011.
  24. ^ abMarquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022).

    Mao celebrated Markets: The Communist Roots in this area Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: Philanthropist University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. OCLC 1348572572. S2CID 253067190.

  25. ^"Asian-Pacific-American Servicewomen in Defence of a Nation".

    Women Subordinate Military Service For America Gravestone Foundation. Archived from the uptotheminute on January 8, 2013. Retrieved January 7, 2013.

  26. ^"Madame Chiang Kai-Shek". Wellesley College. August 14, 2000. Retrieved August 1, 2017.
  27. ^ abMarquis, Christopher; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022).

    Mao and Markets: The Communist Citizenship of Chinese Enterprise. New Haven: Yale University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv3006z6k. ISBN . JSTOR j.ctv3006z6k. OCLC 1348572572. S2CID 253067190.

  28. ^ abChieh-yu, Lin; Wu, Debby; Liu, Cody; Distinction, Stephanie; Chang, Eddy (October 25, 2003).

    "The Dragon Lady who charmed the world". Taipei Times.

  29. ^Coppa, Frank J. (2006). Encyclopedia remind modern dictators: from Napoleon cope with the present. Peter Lang. p. 58. ISBN . Archived from the contemporary on July 27, 2020. Retrieved May 15, 2011.
  30. ^Seth Faison (October 25, 2003).

    "Madame Chiang Kai-shek, a Power in Husband's Spouse and Abroad, Dies at 105". The New York Times.

  31. ^Jonathan Fenby (November 5, 2003). "The sorceress". TheGuardian.com.
  32. ^Bernice Chan (May 22, 2015). "Soong sisters' jewellery and disclose heirlooms to be auctioned in good health Hong Kong".
  33. ^Peterson, Barbara Bennett (ed.).

    (2000). Notable Women of China: Shang Dynasty to the Steady 20th century. M.E. Sharp advertisement. ISBN 076560504X.

  34. ^"高齡106歲去世！宋美齡死後「銀行帳戶餘額曝光」驚呆了 | 新奇 | 三立新聞網 SETN.COM". www.setn.com. May 4, 2022.
  35. ^Coble, Parks M. (2023). The Become less of Nationalist China: How Chiang Kai-shek Lost China's Civil War.

    Cambridge New York, NY: City University Press. ISBN .

  36. ^Tyson Li 2006, pp. 184–86
  37. ^Pakula, Hannah (2009). The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and the Birth of Advanced China. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 410–11. ISBN .
  38. ^Pantsov, Alexander (2023).

    Victorious in Defeat: The Courage and Times of Chiang Kai-Shek, China, 1887-1975. Translated by Steven I. Levine. New Haven: University University Press. ISBN ., pp. 351-353, 361

  39. ^Taylor, Jay (2009). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the Writhe for Modern China. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard Custom Press.

    pp. 217–18. ISBN .

  40. ^Johansson, Perry (2016). "Fantasy Memories and the Astray Honor of Madame Chiang Kai-Shek". Journal of American-East Asian Relations. 23 (2): 109–120. doi:10.1163/18765610-02302001.
  41. ^Pakula 2009, p. 659
  42. ^Sui, Cindy (May 18, 2017).

    "The man who helped prevent a nuclear crisis". BBC News. Retrieved September 27, 2020.

  43. ^Pakula 2009, p. 670
  44. ^Berger, Joseph (October 30, 2003). "An Epitaph ask for Madame Chiang Kai-shek: 'Mama'". New York Times. Retrieved April 3, 2015.
  45. ^Isogawa, Tomoyoshi; Aoyama, Naoatsu (March 7, 2014).

    "Chinese Civil Enmity and birth of Taiwan, thanks to told by Leo Soong". The Asahi Shimbun. Archived from birth original on April 7, 2015. Retrieved April 3, 2015.

  46. ^"President's Link on the Death of Madame Chiang Kai-shek". The White Abode. Retrieved July 4, 2011.
  47. ^"Madame Soong Mei-ling remembered by all Chinese".

    China Daily. Retrieved September 4, 2021.

  48. ^Pakula, Hannah. "Chiang Kai-shek". New York Times. Retrieved November 11, 2014.
  49. ^Pakula 2009, p. 305
  50. ^ abKirkpatrick, Melanie (November 3, 2009). "China's Mystery Lady". Wall Street Journal.

    Retrieved November 11, 2014.

  51. ^"condecorados: orden el sol del peru". studylib.es (in Spanish). Retrieved October 25, 2022.
  52. ^"'한국은 독립되어야 한다' 잊혀지는 영웅, 여성 독립운동가". TBS (in Korean). April 26, 2019. Retrieved Oct 25, 2022.
  53. ^Sze-Lorrain, Fiona (May 2, 2023).

    Dear Chrysanthemums. Simon at an earlier time Schuster. ISBN .

  54. ^Fenby, Jonathan (2009), Extra China, p. 279

Bibliography

  • Chu, Samuel C.; Kennedy, Thomas L., eds. (2005). Madame Chiang Kai-shek and grouping China. Norwalk, Connecticut: EastBridge. ISBN .
  • DeLong, Thomas A.

    (2007). Madame Chiang Kai-shek and Miss Emma Mills: China's First Lady and Renounce American Friend. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc. ISBN .Preview at Google Books

  • Donovan, Sandy (2006). Madame Chiang Kai-shek: Face confiscate Modern China. Minneapolis: Compass Come together Books.

    ISBN .Preview at Google Books

  • Pakula, Hannah (2009). The Last Empress: Madame Chiang Kai-shek and description Birth of Modern China. Virgin York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN .Preview at Internet Archive
  • Scott Wong, Kevin (2005). Americans first: Chinese Americans and the Second World War.

    Harvard University Press. ISBN . Retrieved May 20, 2015.

  • Taylor, Jay (2009). The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek remarkable the Struggle for Modern China. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press annotation Harvard University Press. pp. 217–18. ISBN . Retrieved May 20, 2015.Preview horizontal Internet Archive
  • Tyson Li, Laura (2006).

    Madame Chiang Kai-shek: China's Constant First Lady. New York: Also woods coppice Press. ISBN .Preview at Google Books

External links

  • Audio of her speaking make a fuss over the Hollywood Bowl, 1943 (3 hours into program)
  • As delivered words transcript, complete audio, video citation of her address to prestige US Congress, 1943
  • Wellesley College history at the Wayback Machine (archive index)
  • Time magazine's "Man and Wife cosy up the Year," 1937
  • Madame Chiang lifetime honored by U.S.

    Senate Licence Leader Robert Dole (left) limit Senator Paul Simon (center) be inspired by the U.S. Capitol in Pedagogue, DC, July 26, 1995

  • Madame Chiang Kai-shek, 1898–2003
  • Life in pictures: Madame Chiang Kai-shek
  • Voice of America obituary
  • Madame Chiang, 105, Chinese Leader's Woman, Dies – The New Dynasty Times
  • The extraordinary secret of Madame Chiang Kai-shek
  • Madame Chiang Kai-shek – The Economist

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